hacktricks/binary-exploitation/integer-overflow.md

# Kuzidi kwa Nambari za Integer

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## Taarifa Msingi

Katikati ya **kuzidi kwa nambari za integer** kuna kikomo kilichowekwa na **ukubwa** wa aina za data katika programu ya kompyuta na **utafsiri** wa data.

Kwa mfano, **nambari isiyosaini ya biti 8** inaweza kuwakilisha thamani kutoka **0 hadi 255**. Ikiwa unajaribu kuhifadhi thamani 256 katika nambari isiyosaini ya biti 8, itazunguka hadi 0 kutokana na kikomo cha uwezo wake wa kuhifadhi. Vivyo hivyo, kwa **nambari isiyosaini ya biti 16**, ambayo inaweza kushikilia thamani kutoka **0 hadi 65,535**, kuongeza 1 hadi 65,535 kutazungusha thamani kurudi 0.

Zaidi ya hayo, **nambari iliyosainiwa ya biti 8** inaweza kuwakilisha thamani kutoka **-128 hadi 127**. Hii ni kwa sababu biti moja hutumiwa kuwakilisha ishara (chanya au hasi), ikiiacha biti 7 kuwakilisha ukubwa. Nambari hasi zaidi inawakilishwa kama **-128** (binary `10000000`), na nambari chanya zaidi ni **127** (binary `01111111`).

### Thamani Kubwa

Kwa **maburuzi ya wavuti** yanayowezekana ni muhimu sana kujua thamani kubwa zinazoungwa mkono:

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Rust" %}
```rust
fn main() {

let mut quantity = 2147483647;

let (mul_result, _) = i32::overflowing_mul(32767, quantity);
let (add_result, _) = i32::overflowing_add(1, quantity);

println!("{}", mul_result);
println!("{}", add_result);
}
```
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Swahili" %}
### Kuzidisha Kwa Nambari za Integer

Kuzidisha kwa nambari za integer ni mbinu inayotumika kudanganya programu kwa kusababisha nambari ya integer kuzidi ukubwa wake wa kuhifadhiwa, hivyo kusababisha hitilafu au matokeo yasiyotarajiwa. Hii inaweza kusababisha programu kufanya vitendo visivyotarajiwa au hata kufungua mlango kwa mashambulizi ya kimtandao. Tahadhari inapaswa kuchukuliwa wakati wa kuandika na kupima nambari za integer ili kuzuia matumizi mabaya ya kuzidisha kwa nambari za integer.
{% endtab %}
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

int main() {
int a = INT_MAX;
int b = 0;
int c = 0;

b = a * 100;
c = a + 1;

printf("%d\n", INT_MAX);
printf("%d\n", b);
printf("%d\n", c);
return 0;
}
```
## Mifano

### Kujaa kwa kiasi kikubwa

Matokeo yaliyochapishwa yatakuwa 0 kwa sababu tulijaza kwa kiasi kikubwa char:
```c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
unsigned char max = 255; // 8-bit unsigned integer
unsigned char result = max + 1;
printf("Result: %d\n", result); // Expected to overflow
return 0;
}
```
### Kubadilisha Kutoka Nambari Iliyosainiwa Kwenda Nambari Isiyosainiwa

Fikiria hali ambapo nambari iliyosainiwa inasomwa kutoka kwa mwingiliano wa mtumiaji na kisha kutumika katika muktadha ambao unaitumia kama nambari isiyosainiwa, bila ukaguzi sahihi:
```c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int userInput; // Signed integer
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &userInput);

// Treating the signed input as unsigned without validation
unsigned int processedInput = (unsigned int)userInput;

// A condition that might not work as intended if userInput is negative
if (processedInput > 1000) {
printf("Processed Input is large: %u\n", processedInput);
} else {
printf("Processed Input is within range: %u\n", processedInput);
}

return 0;
}
```
Katika mfano huu, ikiwa mtumiaji anaingiza nambari hasi, itakuwa inachukuliwa kama nambari kubwa isiyosainiwa kutokana na jinsi thamani za binary zinavyochukuliwa, hivyo kusababisha tabia isiyotarajiwa.

### Mifano Mingine

* [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/int\_overflow\_post/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/int\_overflow\_post/index.html)
* Inatumika 1B tu kuhifadhi ukubwa wa nenosiri hivyo inawezekana kufanya overflow na kufanya iweze kufikiria kuwa urefu wake ni 4 wakati ukweli ni 260 ili kuepuka ulinzi wa ukaguzi wa urefu
* [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/puzzle/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/puzzle/index.html)
*   Kwa kupewa jozi ya nambari, tafuta kutumia z3 nambari mpya ambayo ikiongezwa na ya kwanza itatoa ya pili:&#x20;

```
(((argv[1] * 0x1064deadbeef4601) & 0xffffffffffffffff) == 0xD1038D2E07B42569)
```
* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/)
* Inatumika 1B tu kuhifadhi ukubwa wa nenosiri hivyo inawezekana kufanya overflow na kufanya iweze kufikiria kuwa urefu wake ni 4 wakati ukweli ni 260 ili kuepuka ulinzi wa ukaguzi wa urefu na kuandika juu ya stack kipengele cha ndani kinachofuata na kuepuka ulinzi wote wawili

## ARM64

Hii **haibadiliki katika ARM64** kama unavyoweza kuona katika [**chapisho hili la blogi**](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/).

<details>

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</details>