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**Ext2** is the most common filesystem for **not journaling** partitions (**partitions that don't change much**) like the boot partition. **Ext3/4** are **journaling** and are used usually for the **rest partitions**.
All block groups in the filesystem have the same size and are stored sequentially. This allows the kernel to easily derive the location of a block group in a disk from its integer index.
Every block group contains the following pieces of information:
* A copy of the filesystem’s superblock
* A copy of the block group descriptors
* A data block bitmap which is used to identify the free blocks inside the group
* An inode bitmap, which is used to identify the free inodes inside the group
* inode table: it consists of a series of consecutive blocks, each of which contains a predefined Figure 1 Ext2 inode number of inodes. All inodes have the same size: 128 bytes. A 1,024 byte block contains 8 inodes, while a 4,096-byte block contains 32 inodes. Note that in Ext2, there is no need to store on disk a mapping between an inode number and the corresponding block number because the latter value can be derived from the block group number and the relative position inside the inode table. For example, suppose that each block group contains 4,096 inodes and that we want to know the address on the disk of inode 13,021. In this case, the inode belongs to the third block group and its disk address is stored in the 733rd entry of the corresponding inode table. As you can see, the inode number is just a key used by the Ext2 routines to retrieve the proper inode descriptor on the disk quickly
* data blocks, containing files. Any block which does not contain any meaningful information is said to be free.
**Features affect where** the data is located, **how** the data is stored in inodes and some of them might supply **additional metadata** for analysis, therefore features are important in Ext.
**Any utility** that reads the **superblock** will be able to indicate the **features** of an **Ext filesystem**, but you could also use `file -sL /dev/sd*`
"Modify" is the timestamp of the last time the file's _content_ has been modified. This is often called "_mtime_".\
"Change" is the timestamp of the last time the file's _inode_ has been changed, like by changing permissions, ownership, file name, and the number of hard links. It's often called "_ctime_".
To see the contents of the file system, you can **use the free tool**: [https://www.disk-editor.org/index.html](https://www.disk-editor.org/index.html)\
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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