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# ELF Temel Bilgiler
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{% hint style="success" %}
AWS Hacking öğrenin ve pratik yapın:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Eğitim AWS Kırmızı Takım Uzmanı (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
GCP Hacking öğrenin ve pratik yapın: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Eğitim GCP Kırmızı Takım Uzmanı (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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<summary>HackTricks'i Destekleyin</summary>
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* [**abonelik planlarını**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop) kontrol edin!
* **💬 [**Discord grubuna**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) veya [**telegram grubuna**](https://t.me/peass) katılın ya da **Twitter'da** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**'ı takip edin.**
* **Hacking ipuçlarını paylaşmak için** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) ve [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github reposuna PR gönderin.
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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## Program Başlıkları
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Yükleyiciye **ELF**'yi belleğe nasıl yükleyeceğini tarif eder:
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```bash
readelf -lW lnstat
Elf file type is DYN (Position-Independent Executable file)
Entry point 0x1c00
There are 9 program headers, starting at offset 64
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align
PHDR 0x000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0001f8 0x0001f8 R 0x8
INTERP 0x000238 0x0000000000000238 0x0000000000000238 0x00001b 0x00001b R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1]
LOAD 0x000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x003f7c 0x003f7c R E 0x10000
LOAD 0x00fc48 0x000000000001fc48 0x000000000001fc48 0x000528 0x001190 RW 0x10000
DYNAMIC 0x00fc58 0x000000000001fc58 0x000000000001fc58 0x000200 0x000200 RW 0x8
NOTE 0x000254 0x0000000000000254 0x0000000000000254 0x0000e0 0x0000e0 R 0x4
GNU_EH_FRAME 0x003610 0x0000000000003610 0x0000000000003610 0x0001b4 0x0001b4 R 0x4
GNU_STACK 0x000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x000000 0x000000 RW 0x10
GNU_RELRO 0x00fc48 0x000000000001fc48 0x000000000001fc48 0x0003b8 0x0003b8 R 0x1
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00
01 .interp
02 .interp .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag .note.package .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rela.dyn .rela.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame
03 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got .data .bss
04 .dynamic
05 .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag .note.package
06 .eh_frame_hdr
07
08 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got
```
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The previous program has **9 program headers**, then, the **segment mapping** indicates in which program header (from 00 to 08) **each section is located**.
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### PHDR - Program HeaDeR
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Contains the program header tables and metadata itself.
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### INTERP
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Indicates the path of the loader to use to load the binary into memory.
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### LOAD
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These headers are used to indicate **how to load a binary into memory.**\
Each **LOAD** header indicates a region of **memory** (size, permissions and alignment) and indicates the bytes of the ELF **binary to copy in there**.
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For example, the second one has a size of 0x1190, should be located at 0x1fc48 with permissions read and write and will be filled with 0x528 from the offset 0xfc48 (it doesn't fill all the reserved space). This memory will contain the sections `.init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got .data .bss`.
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### DYNAMIC
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This header helps to link programs to their library dependencies and apply relocations. Check the **`.dynamic`** section.
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### NOTE
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This stores vendor metadata information about the binary.
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### GNU\_EH\_FRAME
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Defines the location of the stack unwind tables, used by debuggers and C++ exception handling-runtime functions.
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### GNU\_STACK
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Contains the configuration of the stack execution prevention defense. If enabled, the binary won't be able to execute code from the stack.
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### GNU\_RELRO
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Indicates the RELRO (Relocation Read-Only) configuration of the binary. This protection will mark as read-only certain sections of the memory (like the `GOT` or the `init` and `fini` tables) after the program has loaded and before it begins running.
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In the previous example it's copying 0x3b8 bytes to 0x1fc48 as read-only affecting the sections `.init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got .data .bss`.
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Note that RELRO can be partial or full, the partial version do not protect the section **`.plt.got`**, which is used for **lazy binding** and needs this memory space to have **write permissions** to write the address of the libraries the first time their location is searched.
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### TLS
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Defines a table of TLS entries, which stores info about thread-local variables.
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## Section Headers
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Section headers gives a more detailed view of the ELF binary
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```
objdump lnstat -h
lnstat: file format elf64-littleaarch64
Sections:
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
0 .interp 0000001b 0000000000000238 0000000000000238 00000238 2**0
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
1 .note.gnu.build-id 00000024 0000000000000254 0000000000000254 00000254 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
2 .note.ABI-tag 00000020 0000000000000278 0000000000000278 00000278 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
3 .note.package 0000009c 0000000000000298 0000000000000298 00000298 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
4 .gnu.hash 0000001c 0000000000000338 0000000000000338 00000338 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
5 .dynsym 00000498 0000000000000358 0000000000000358 00000358 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
6 .dynstr 000001fe 00000000000007f0 00000000000007f0 000007f0 2**0
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
7 .gnu.version 00000062 00000000000009ee 00000000000009ee 000009ee 2**1
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
8 .gnu.version_r 00000050 0000000000000a50 0000000000000a50 00000a50 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
9 .rela.dyn 00000228 0000000000000aa0 0000000000000aa0 00000aa0 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
10 .rela.plt 000003c0 0000000000000cc8 0000000000000cc8 00000cc8 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
11 .init 00000018 0000000000001088 0000000000001088 00001088 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
12 .plt 000002a0 00000000000010a0 00000000000010a0 000010a0 2**4
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
13 .text 00001c34 0000000000001340 0000000000001340 00001340 2**6
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
14 .fini 00000014 0000000000002f74 0000000000002f74 00002f74 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
15 .rodata 00000686 0000000000002f88 0000000000002f88 00002f88 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
16 .eh_frame_hdr 000001b4 0000000000003610 0000000000003610 00003610 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
17 .eh_frame 000007b4 00000000000037c8 00000000000037c8 000037c8 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
18 .init_array 00000008 000000000001fc48 000000000001fc48 0000fc48 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
19 .fini_array 00000008 000000000001fc50 000000000001fc50 0000fc50 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
20 .dynamic 00000200 000000000001fc58 000000000001fc58 0000fc58 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
21 .got 000001a8 000000000001fe58 000000000001fe58 0000fe58 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
22 .data 00000170 0000000000020000 0000000000020000 00010000 2**3
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
23 .bss 00000c68 0000000000020170 0000000000020170 00010170 2**3
ALLOC
24 .gnu_debugaltlink 00000049 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00010170 2**0
CONTENTS, READONLY
25 .gnu_debuglink 00000034 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 000101bc 2**2
CONTENTS, READONLY
```
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It also indicates the location, offset, permissions but also the **type of data** it section has.
### Meta Sections
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* **String table**: ELF dosyasının ihtiyaç duyduğu tüm dizeleri içerir (ancak program tarafından gerçekten kullanılanları değil). Örneğin, `.text` veya `.data` gibi bölüm adlarını içerir. Ve eğer `.text` dizeler tablosunda 45. offset'te ise, **name** alanında **45** numarasını kullanacaktır.
* Dize tablosunun nerede olduğunu bulmak için, ELF dize tablosuna bir işaretçi içerir.
* **Symbol table**: Semboller hakkında isim (dize tablosundaki offset), adres, boyut ve sembol hakkında daha fazla meta veriyi içerir.
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### Main Sections
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* **`.text`**: Çalıştırılacak programın talimatları.
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* **`.data`**: Programda tanımlı bir değere sahip global değişkenler.
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* **`.bss`**: Başlatılmamış (veya sıfıra başlatılmış) global değişkenler. Buradaki değişkenler otomatik olarak sıfıra başlatılır, bu nedenle ikili dosyaya gereksiz sıfırların eklenmesini önler.
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* **`.rodata`**: Sabit global değişkenler (salt okunur bölüm).
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* **`.tdata`** ve **`.tbss`**: Thread-local değişkenler kullanıldığında .data ve .bss gibi (`__thread_local` C++'ta veya `__thread` C'de).
* **`.dynamic`**: Aşağıya bakın.
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## Symbols
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Symbols, programda bir fonksiyon, bir global veri nesnesi, thread-local değişkenler olabilecek adlandırılmış bir yerdir...
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```
readelf -s lnstat
Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 49 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
0: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND
1: 0000000000001088 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 12 .init
2: 0000000000020000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 23 .data
3: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strtok@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
4: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND s[...]@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
5: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strlen@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
6: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND fputs@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
7: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND exit@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
8: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND _[...]@GLIBC_2.34 (3)
9: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND perror@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
10: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_deregisterT[...]
11: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND _[...]@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
12: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND putc@GLIBC_2.17 (2)
[...]
```
Her sembol girişi şunları içerir:
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* **İsim**
* **Bağlama özellikleri** (zayıf, yerel veya küresel): Yerel bir sembol yalnızca program tarafından erişilebilirken, küresel semboller programın dışındaki paylaşılan sembollerdir. Zayıf bir nesne, örneğin, farklı bir fonksiyonla geçersiz kılınabilen bir fonksiyondur.
* **Tür**: NOTYPE (tip belirtilmemiş), OBJECT (küresel veri değişkeni), FUNC (fonksiyon), SECTION (bölüm), FILE (hata ayıklayıcılar için kaynak kodu dosyası), TLS (iş parçacığına özgü değişken), GNU\_IFUNC (yer değiştirme için dolaylı fonksiyon)
* **Bölüm** indeksi nerede bulunduğu
* **Değer** (bellekteki adres)
* **Boyut**
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## Dinamik Bölüm
```
readelf -d lnstat
Dynamic section at offset 0xfc58 contains 28 entries:
Tag Type Name/Value
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6]
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [ld-linux-aarch64.so.1]
0x000000000000000c (INIT) 0x1088
0x000000000000000d (FINI) 0x2f74
0x0000000000000019 (INIT_ARRAY) 0x1fc48
0x000000000000001b (INIT_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000000000001a (FINI_ARRAY) 0x1fc50
0x000000000000001c (FINI_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000006ffffef5 (GNU_HASH) 0x338
0x0000000000000005 (STRTAB) 0x7f0
0x0000000000000006 (SYMTAB) 0x358
0x000000000000000a (STRSZ) 510 (bytes)
0x000000000000000b (SYMENT) 24 (bytes)
0x0000000000000015 (DEBUG) 0x0
0x0000000000000003 (PLTGOT) 0x1fe58
0x0000000000000002 (PLTRELSZ) 960 (bytes)
0x0000000000000014 (PLTREL) RELA
0x0000000000000017 (JMPREL) 0xcc8
0x0000000000000007 (RELA) 0xaa0
0x0000000000000008 (RELASZ) 552 (bytes)
0x0000000000000009 (RELAENT) 24 (bytes)
0x000000000000001e (FLAGS) BIND_NOW
0x000000006ffffffb (FLAGS_1) Flags: NOW PIE
0x000000006ffffffe (VERNEED) 0xa50
0x000000006fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 2
0x000000006ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x9ee
0x000000006ffffff9 (RELACOUNT) 15
0x0000000000000000 (NULL) 0x0
```
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GEREKEN dizini, programın devam edebilmesi için **belirtilen kütüphaneyi yüklemesi gerektiğini** gösterir. GEREKEN dizini, paylaşılan **kütüphane tamamen çalışır ve kullanıma hazır olduğunda** tamamlanır.
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## Yeniden Yerleştirmeler
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Yükleyici, bağımlılıkları yükledikten sonra yeniden yerleştirmeleri de yapmalıdır. Bu yeniden yerleştirmeler, REL veya RELA formatlarında yeniden yerleştirme tablosunda belirtilir ve yeniden yerleştirmelerin sayısı dinamik bölümlerde RELSZ veya RELASZ ile verilir.
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```
readelf -r lnstat
Relocation section '.rela.dyn' at offset 0xaa0 contains 23 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
00000001fc48 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 1d10
00000001fc50 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 1cc0
00000001fff0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 1340
000000020008 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 20008
000000020010 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3330
000000020030 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3338
000000020050 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3340
000000020070 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3348
000000020090 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3350
0000000200b0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3358
0000000200d0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3360
0000000200f0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3370
000000020110 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3378
000000020130 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3380
000000020150 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 3388
00000001ffb8 000a00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 _ITM_deregisterTM[...] + 0
00000001ffc0 000b00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffc8 000f00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 stderr@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffd0 001000000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 optarg@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffd8 001400000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 stdout@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffe0 001e00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__ + 0
00000001ffe8 001f00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __stack_chk_guard@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fff8 002e00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 _ITM_registerTMCl[...] + 0
Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0xcc8 contains 40 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
00000001fe70 000300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strtok@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fe78 000400000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strtoul@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fe80 000500000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strlen@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fe88 000600000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fputs@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fe90 000700000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 exit@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fe98 000800000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.34 + 0
00000001fea0 000900000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 perror@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fea8 000b00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001feb0 000c00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 putc@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001feb8 000d00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 opendir@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fec0 000e00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fputc@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fec8 001100000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 snprintf@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fed0 001200000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __snprintf_chk@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fed8 001300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 malloc@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fee0 001500000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 gettimeofday@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fee8 001600000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 sleep@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fef0 001700000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __vfprintf_chk@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001fef8 001800000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 calloc@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff00 001900000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 rewind@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff08 001a00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strdup@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff10 001b00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 closedir@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff18 001c00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __stack_chk_fail@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff20 001d00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strrchr@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff28 001e00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__ + 0
00000001ff30 002000000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 abort@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff38 002100000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 feof@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff40 002200000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 getopt_long@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff48 002300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __fprintf_chk@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff50 002400000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strcmp@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff58 002500000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 free@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff60 002600000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 readdir64@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff68 002700000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strndup@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff70 002800000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strchr@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff78 002900000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fwrite@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff80 002a00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fflush@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff88 002b00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fopen64@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff90 002c00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __isoc99_sscanf@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ff98 002d00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strncpy@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffa0 002f00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __assert_fail@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
00000001ffa8 003000000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fgets@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
```
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### Statik Yeniden Yerleştirmeler
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Eğer **program tercih edilen adresten** (genellikle 0x400000) farklı bir yere yüklenirse, bu adresin zaten kullanılıyor olması veya **ASLR** ya da başka bir sebepten dolayı, statik bir yeniden yerleştirme **işaretçileri düzeltir** ki bu işaretçiler, ikili dosyanın tercih edilen adreste yükleneceğini bekliyordu.
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Örneğin, `R_AARCH64_RELATIV` türündeki herhangi bir bölüm, yeniden yerleştirme kayması artı ekleme değeri ile adresi değiştirmelidir.
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### Dinamik Yeniden Yerleştirmeler ve GOT
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Yeniden yerleştirme ayrıca bir dış sembole (bir bağımlılıktan bir fonksiyon gibi) atıfta bulunabilir. Örneğin, libC'den malloc fonksiyonu. O zaman, yükleyici libC'yi bir adrese yüklerken malloc fonksiyonunun yüklü olduğu yeri kontrol eder, bu adresi GOT (Küresel Ofset Tablosu) tablosuna (yeniden yerleştirme tablosunda belirtilmiştir) yazar, burada malloc'un adresi belirtilmelidir.
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### Prosedür Bağlantı Tablosu
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PLT bölümü tembel bağlama yapmayı sağlar, bu da bir fonksiyonun yerinin çözümlemesinin ilk kez erişildiğinde gerçekleştirileceği anlamına gelir.
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Bu nedenle bir program malloc'u çağırdığında, aslında PLT'deki `malloc`'un karşılık gelen yerini çağırır (`malloc@plt`). İlk kez çağrıldığında `malloc`'un adresini çözer ve bunu saklar, böylece bir sonraki `malloc` çağrıldığında, bu adres PLT kodu yerine kullanılır.
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## Program Başlatma
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Program yüklendikten sonra çalıştırma zamanı gelmiştir. Ancak, çalıştırılan ilk kod **her zaman `main`** fonksiyonu değildir. Bunun nedeni, örneğin C++'ta eğer bir **global değişken bir sınıfın nesnesi ise**, bu nesne **main çalışmadan önce** **başlatılmalıdır**, örneğin:
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```cpp
#include <stdio.h>
// g++ autoinit.cpp -o autoinit
class AutoInit {
public:
AutoInit() {
printf("Hello AutoInit!\n");
}
~AutoInit() {
printf("Goodbye AutoInit!\n");
}
};
AutoInit autoInit;
int main() {
printf("Main\n");
return 0;
}
```
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Not edin ki bu global değişkenler `.data` veya `.bss` içinde yer alır, ancak `__CTOR_LIST__` ve `__DTOR_LIST__` listelerinde başlatılacak ve yok edilecek nesneler saklanır, böylece bunların takibi yapılabilir.
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C kodundan aynı sonuca GNU uzantılarını kullanarak ulaşmak mümkündür:
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```c
__attributte__((constructor)) //Add a constructor to execute before
__attributte__((destructor)) //Add to the destructor list
```
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From a compiler perspective, to execute these actions before and after the `main` function is executed, it's possible to create a `init` function and a `fini` function which would be referenced in the dynamic section as **`INIT`** and **`FIN`**. and are placed in the `init` and `fini` sections of the ELF.
Derleyici perspektifinden, `main` fonksiyonu çalıştırılmadan önce ve sonra bu eylemleri gerçekleştirmek için, dinamik bölümde **`INIT`** ve **`FIN`** olarak referans verilecek bir `init` fonksiyonu ve bir `fini` fonksiyonu oluşturmak mümkündür. Bu fonksiyonlar ELF'nin `init` ve `fini` bölümlerine yerleştirilir.
The other option, as mentioned, is to reference the lists **`__CTOR_LIST__`** and **`__DTOR_LIST__`** in the **`INIT_ARRAY`** and **`FINI_ARRAY`** entries in the dynamic section and the length of these are indicated by **`INIT_ARRAYSZ`** and **`FINI_ARRAYSZ`**. Each entry is a function pointer that will be called without arguments.
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Diğer seçenek, bahsedildiği gibi, dinamik bölümdeki **`INIT_ARRAY`** ve **`FINI_ARRAY`** girişlerinde **`__CTOR_LIST__`** ve **`__DTOR_LIST__`** listelerine referans vermektir ve bunların uzunluğu **`INIT_ARRAYSZ`** ve **`FINI_ARRAYSZ`** ile belirtilir. Her giriş, argüman olmadan çağrılacak bir fonksiyon işaretçisidir.
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Moreover, it's also possible to have a **`PREINIT_ARRAY`** with **pointers** that will be executed **before** the **`INIT_ARRAY`** pointers.
Ayrıca, **`INIT_ARRAY`** işaretçilerinden **önce** çalıştırılacak **işaretçiler** ile bir **`PREINIT_ARRAY`** olması da mümkündür.
### Initialization Order
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### Başlatma Sırası
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1. The program is loaded into memory, static global variables are initialized in **`.data`** and unitialized ones zeroed in **`.bss`**.
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1. Program belleğe yüklenir, statik global değişkenler **`.data`** içinde başlatılır ve başlatılmamış olanlar **`.bss`** içinde sıfırlanır.
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2. All **dependencies** for the program or libraries are **initialized** and the the **dynamic linking** is executed.
2. Program veya kütüphaneler için tüm **bağımlılıklar** **başlatılır** ve **dinamik bağlantı** gerçekleştirilir.
3. **`PREINIT_ARRAY`** functions are executed.
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3. **`PREINIT_ARRAY`** fonksiyonları çalıştırılır.
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4. **`INIT_ARRAY`** functions are executed.
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4. **`INIT_ARRAY`** fonksiyonları çalıştırılır.
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5. If there is a **`INIT`** entry it's called.
5. Eğer bir **`INIT`** girişi varsa, çağrılır.
6. If a library, dlopen ends here, if a program, it's time to call the **real entry point** (`main` function).
6. Eğer bir kütüphane ise, dlopen burada sona erer, eğer bir program ise, **gerçek giriş noktası** (`main` fonksiyonu) çağrılma zamanı gelmiştir.
## Thread-Local Storage (TLS)
## İş Parçacığına Özel Depolama (TLS)
They are defined using the keyword **`__thread_local`** in C++ or the GNU extension **`__thread`**.
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C++'de **`__thread_local`** anahtar kelimesi veya GNU uzantısı **`__thread`** kullanılarak tanımlanırlar.
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Each thread will maintain a unique location for this variable so only the thread can access its variable.
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Her iş parçacığı, bu değişken için benzersiz bir konum tutacaktır, böylece yalnızca iş parçacığı kendi değişkenine erişebilir.
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When this is used the sections **`.tdata`** and **`.tbss`** are used in the ELF. Which are like `.data` (initialized) and `.bss` (not initialized) but for TLS.
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Bu kullanıldığında, ELF'de **`.tdata`** ve **`.tbss`** bölümleri kullanılır. Bunlar, TLS için `.data` (başlatılmış) ve `.bss` (başlatılmamış) gibidir.
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Each variable will hace an entry in the TLS header specifying the size and the TLS offset, which is the offset it will use in the thread's local data area.
Her değişken, boyutu ve iş parçacığının yerel veri alanında kullanacağı TLS ofsetini belirten bir TLS başlığında bir girişe sahip olacaktır.
The `__TLS_MODULE_BASE` is a symbol used to refer to the base address of the thread local storage and points to the area in memory that contains all the thread-local data of a module.
`__TLS_MODULE_BASE`, iş parçacığına özel depolamanın temel adresine atıfta bulunmak için kullanılan bir semboldür ve bir modülün tüm iş parçacığına özel verilerini içeren bellek alanına işaret eder.
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