mirror of
https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell
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699 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
699 lines
20 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlight:: fish
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Tutorial
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========
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Why fish?
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---------
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``fish`` is a fully-equipped command line shell (like bash or zsh) that is smart and user-friendly. ``fish`` supports powerful features like syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, and tab completions that just work, with nothing to learn or configure.
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If you want to make your command line more productive, more useful, and more fun, without learning a bunch of arcane syntax and configuration options, then ``fish`` might be just what you're looking for!
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Getting started
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---------------
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Once installed, just type in ``fish`` into your current shell to try it out!
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You will be greeted by the standard fish prompt,
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which means you are all set up and can start using fish::
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> fish
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<outp>Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell</outp>
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<outp>Type <span class="cwd">help</span> for instructions on how to use fish</outp>
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<asis>you@hostname</asis> ~>____
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This prompt that you see above is the ``fish`` default prompt: it shows your username, hostname, and working directory.
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- to change this prompt see `how to change your prompt <prompt>`_
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- to switch to fish permanently see `switch your default shell to fish <#switching-to-fish>`_.
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From now on, we'll pretend your prompt is just a '``>``' to save space.
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Learning fish
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-------------
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This tutorial assumes a basic understanding of command line shells and Unix commands, and that you have a working copy of ``fish``.
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If you have a strong understanding of other shells, and want to know what ``fish`` does differently, search for the magic phrase <em>unlike other shells</em>, which is used to call out important differences.
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Running Commands
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----------------
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``fish`` runs commands like other shells: you type a command, followed by its arguments. Spaces are separators::
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>_ echo hello world
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<outp>hello world</outp>
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You can include a literal space in an argument with a backslash, or by using single or double quotes::
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>_ mkdir My\ Files
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>_ cp ~/Some\ File 'My Files'
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>_ ls "My Files"
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<outp>Some File</outp>
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Commands can be chained with semicolons.
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Getting Help
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------------
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``fish`` has excellent help and man pages. Run ``help`` to open help in a web browser, and ``man`` to open it in a man page. You can also ask for help with a specific command, for example, ``help set`` to open in a web browser, or ``man set`` to see it in the terminal.
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::
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>_ man set
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<outp>set - handle shell variables</outp>
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<outp> Synopsis...</outp>
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Syntax Highlighting
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-------------------
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You'll quickly notice that ``fish`` performs syntax highlighting as you type. Invalid commands are colored red by default::
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>_ <eror>/bin/mkd</eror>
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A command may be invalid because it does not exist, or refers to a file that you cannot execute. When the command becomes valid, it is shown in a different color::
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>_ /bin/mkdir
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``fish`` will underline valid file paths as you type them::
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>_ cat <u>~/somefi</u>___
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This tells you that there exists a file that starts with '``somefi``', which is useful feedback as you type.
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These colors, and many more, can be changed by running ``fish_config``, or by modifying variables directly.
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Wildcards
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---------
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``fish`` supports the familiar wildcard ``*``. To list all JPEG files::
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>_ ls *.jpg
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<outp>lena.jpg</outp>
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<outp>meena.jpg</outp>
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<outp>santa maria.jpg</outp>
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You can include multiple wildcards::
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>_ ls l*.p*
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<outp>lena.png</outp>
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<outp>lesson.pdf</outp>
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Especially powerful is the recursive wildcard ** which searches directories recursively::
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>_ ls /var/**.log
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<outp>/var/log/system.log</outp>
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<outp>/var/run/sntp.log</outp>
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If that directory traversal is taking a long time, you can @key{Control,C} out of it.
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Pipes and Redirections
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----------------------
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You can pipe between commands with the usual vertical bar::
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>_ echo hello world | wc
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<outp> 1 2 12</outp>
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stdin and stdout can be redirected via the familiar < and >. stderr is redirected with a 2>.
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::
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>_ grep fish < /etc/shells > ~/output.txt 2> ~/errors.txt
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Autosuggestions
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---------------
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``fish`` suggests commands as you type, and shows the suggestion to the right of the cursor, in gray. For example::
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>_ <eror>/bin/h</eror><s>___ostname</s>
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It knows about paths and options::
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>_ grep --i<s>___gnore-case</s>
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And history too. Type a command once, and you can re-summon it by just typing a few letters::
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>_ <eror>r<</eror><s>___sync -avze ssh . myname@somelonghost.com:/some/long/path/doo/dee/doo/dee/doo</s>
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To accept the autosuggestion, hit @cursor_key{→,right arrow} or @key{Control,F}. To accept a single word of the autosuggestion, @key{Alt,→} (right arrow). If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it.
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Tab Completions
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---------------
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``fish`` comes with a rich set of tab completions, that work "out of the box."
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Press @key{Tab}, and ``fish`` will attempt to complete the command, argument, or path::
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>_ <eror>/pri</eror> @key{Tab} → /private/
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If there's more than one possibility, it will list them::
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>_ <eror>~/stuff/s</eror> @key{Tab}
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<outp><mtch>~/stuff/s</outp>cript.sh <i>(Executable, 4.8kB)</i> \mtch{~/stuff/s</mtch>ources/ <i>(Directory)</i>}
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Hit tab again to cycle through the possibilities.
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``fish`` can also complete many commands, like git branches::
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>_ git merge pr @key{Tab} → git merge prompt_designer
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>_ git checkout b @key{Tab}
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<outp><mtch>b</outp>uiltin_list_io_merge <i>(Branch)</i> \mtch{b</mtch>uiltin_set_color <i>(Branch)</i> <mtch>b</mtch>usted_events <i>(Tag)</i>}
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Try hitting tab and see what ``fish`` can do!
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Variables
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---------
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Like other shells, a dollar sign performs variable substitution::
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>_ echo My home directory is $HOME
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<outp>My home directory is /home/tutorial</outp>
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Variable substitution also occurs in double quotes, but not single quotes::
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>_ echo "My current directory is $PWD"
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<outp>My current directory is /home/tutorial</outp>
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>_ echo 'My current directory is $PWD'
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<outp>My current directory is $PWD</outp>
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Unlike other shells, ``fish`` has no dedicated syntax for setting variables. Instead it has an ordinary command: ``set``, which takes a variable name, and then its value.
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::
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>_ set name 'Mister Noodle'
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>_ echo $name
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<outp>Mister Noodle</outp>
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(Notice the quotes: without them, ``Mister`` and ``Noodle`` would have been separate arguments, and ``$name`` would have been made into a list of two elements.)
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Unlike other shells, variables are not further split after substitution::
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>_ mkdir $name
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>_ ls
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<outp>Mister Noodle</outp>
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In bash, this would have created two directories "Mister" and "Noodle". In ``fish``, it created only one: the variable had the value "Mister Noodle", so that is the argument that was passed to ``mkdir``, spaces and all. Other shells use the term "arrays", rather than lists.
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Exit Status
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-----------
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Unlike other shells, ``fish`` stores the exit status of the last command in ``$status`` instead of ``$?``.
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::
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>_ false
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>_ echo $status
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<outp>1</outp>
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Zero is considered success, and non-zero is failure. There is also a ``$pipestatus`` array variable for the exit statues of processes in a pipe.
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Exports (Shell Variables)
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-------------------------
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Unlike other shells, ``fish`` does not have an export command. Instead, a variable is exported via an option to ``set``, either ``--export`` or just ``-x``.
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::
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>_ set -x MyVariable SomeValue
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>_ env | grep MyVariable
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<outp><m>MyVariable</outp>=SomeValue</m>
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You can erase a variable with ``-e`` or ``--erase``
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::
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>_ set -e MyVariable
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>_ env | grep MyVariable
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<outp>(no output)</outp>
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Lists
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-----
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The ``set`` command above used quotes to ensure that ``Mister Noodle`` was one argument. If it had been two arguments, then ``name`` would have been a list of length 2. In fact, all variables in ``fish`` are really lists, that can contain any number of values, or none at all.
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Some variables, like ``$PWD``, only have one value. By convention, we talk about that variable's value, but we really mean its first (and only) value.
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Other variables, like ``$PATH``, really do have multiple values. During variable expansion, the variable expands to become multiple arguments::
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>_ echo $PATH
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<outp>/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin</outp>
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Note that there are three environment variables that are automatically split on colons to become lists when fish starts running: ``PATH``, ``CDPATH``, ``MANPATH``. Conversely, they are joined on colons when exported to subcommands. All other environment variables (e.g., ``LD_LIBRARY_PATH``) which have similar semantics are treated as simple strings.
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Lists cannot contain other lists: there is no recursion. A variable is a list of strings, full stop.
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Get the length of a list with ``count``::
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>_ count $PATH
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<outp>5</outp>
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You can append (or prepend) to a list by setting the list to itself, with some additional arguments. Here we append /usr/local/bin to $PATH::
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>_ set PATH $PATH /usr/local/bin
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You can access individual elements with square brackets. Indexing starts at 1 from the beginning, and -1 from the end::
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>_ echo $PATH
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<outp>/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin</outp>
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>_ echo $PATH[1]
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<outp>/usr/bin</outp>
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>_ echo $PATH[-1]
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<outp>/usr/local/bin</outp>
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You can also access ranges of elements, known as "slices:"
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::
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>_ echo $PATH[1..2]
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<outp>/usr/bin /bin</outp>
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>_ echo $PATH[-1..2]
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<outp>/usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /bin</outp>
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You can iterate over a list (or a slice) with a for loop::
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>_ for val in $PATH
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echo "entry: $val"
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end
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<outp>entry: /usr/bin/</outp>
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<outp>entry: /bin</outp>
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<outp>entry: /usr/sbin</outp>
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<outp>entry: /sbin</outp>
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<outp>entry: /usr/local/bin</outp>
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Lists adjacent to other lists or strings are expanded as <a href="index.html#cartesian-product">cartesian products</a> unless quoted (see <a href="index.html#expand-variable">Variable expansion</a>)::
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>_ set a 1 2 3
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>_ set 1 a b c
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>_ echo $a$1
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<outp>1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b 1c 2c 3c</outp>
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>_ echo $a" banana"
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<outp>1 banana 2 banana 3 banana</outp>
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>_ echo "$a banana"
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<outp>1 2 3 banana</outp>
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This is similar to <a href="index.html#expand-brace">Brace expansion</a>.
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Command Substitutions
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---------------------
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Command substitutions use the output of one command as an argument to another. Unlike other shells, ``fish`` does not use backticks `` for command substitutions. Instead, it uses parentheses::
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>_ echo In (pwd), running (uname)
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<outp>In /home/tutorial, running FreeBSD</outp>
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A common idiom is to capture the output of a command in a variable::
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>_ set os (uname)
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>_ echo $os
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<outp>Linux</outp>
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Command substitutions are not expanded within quotes. Instead, you can temporarily close the quotes, add the command substitution, and reopen them, all in the same argument::
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>_ touch <i class="quote">"testing_"</i>(date +%s)<i class="quote">".txt"</i>
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>_ ls *.txt
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<outp>testing_1360099791.txt</outp>
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Unlike other shells, fish does not split command substitutions on any whitespace (like spaces or tabs), only newlines. This can be an issue with commands like ``pkg-config`` that print what is meant to be multiple arguments on a single line. To split it on spaces too, use ``string split``.
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::
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>_ printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0)
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<outp>-lgio-2.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0</outp>
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>_ printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0 | string split " ")
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<outp>-lgio-2.0
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-lgobject-2.0
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-lglib-2.0</outp>
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Separating Commands (Semicolon)
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-------------------------------
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Like other shells, fish allows multiple commands either on separate lines or the same line.
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To write them on the same line, use the semicolon (";"). That means the following two examples are equivalent::
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echo fish; echo chips
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# or
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echo fish
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echo chips
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Combiners (And, Or, Not)
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------------------------
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fish supports the familiar ``&&`` and ``||`` to combine commands, and ``!`` to negate them::
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>_ ./configure && make && sudo make install
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fish also supports ``and``, ``or``, and ``not``. The first two are job modifiers and have lower precedence. Example usage::
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>_ cp file1.txt file1_bak.txt && cp file2.txt file2_bak.txt ; and echo "Backup successful"; or echo "Backup failed"
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<outp>Backup failed</outp>
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As mentioned in <a href="#tut_semicolon">the section on the semicolon</a>, this can also be written in multiple lines, like so::
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cp file1.txt file1_bak.txt && cp file2.txt file2_bak.txt
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and echo "Backup successful"
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or echo "Backup failed"
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Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)
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-------------------------------
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Use ``if``, ``else if``, and ``else`` to conditionally execute code, based on the exit status of a command.
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::
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if grep fish /etc/shells
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echo Found fish
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else if grep bash /etc/shells
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echo Found bash
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else
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echo Got nothing
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end
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To compare strings or numbers or check file properties (whether a file exists or is writeable and such), use <a href="commands.html#test">test</a>, like
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::
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if test "$fish" = "flounder"
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echo FLOUNDER
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end
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# or
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if test "$number" -gt 5
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echo $number is greater than five
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else
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echo $number is five or less
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end
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<a href="#tut_combiners">Combiners</a> can also be used to make more complex conditions, like
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::
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if grep fish /etc/shells; and command -sq fish
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echo fish is installed and configured
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end
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For even more complex conditions, use ``begin`` and ``end`` to group parts of them.
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There is also a ``switch`` command::
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switch (uname)
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case Linux
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echo Hi Tux!
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case Darwin
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echo Hi Hexley!
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case FreeBSD NetBSD DragonFly
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echo Hi Beastie!
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case '*'
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echo Hi, stranger!
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end
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Note that ``case`` does not fall through, and can accept multiple arguments or (quoted) wildcards.
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Functions
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---------
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A ``fish`` function is a list of commands, which may optionally take arguments. Unlike other shells, arguments are not passed in "numbered variables" like ``$1``, but instead in a single list ``$argv``. To create a function, use the ``function`` builtin::
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>_ function say_hello
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echo Hello $argv
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end
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>_ say_hello
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<outp>Hello</outp>
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>_ say_hello everybody!
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<outp>Hello everybody!</outp>
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Unlike other shells, ``fish`` does not have aliases or special prompt syntax. Functions take their place.
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You can list the names of all functions with the ``functions`` keyword (note the plural!). ``fish`` starts out with a number of functions::
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>_ functions
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<outp>alias, cd, delete-or-exit, dirh, dirs, down-or-search, eval, export, fish_command_not_found_setup, fish_config, fish_default_key_bindings, fish_prompt, fish_right_prompt, fish_sigtrap_handler, fish_update_completions, funced, funcsave, grep, help, history, isatty, ls, man, math, nextd, nextd-or-forward-word, open, popd, prevd, prevd-or-backward-word, prompt_pwd, psub, pushd, seq, setenv, trap, type, umask, up-or-search, vared</outp>
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You can see the source for any function by passing its name to ``functions``::
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>_ functions ls
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function ls --description 'List contents of directory'
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command ls -G $argv
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end
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Loops
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-----
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While loops::
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>_ while true
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echo <i class="quote">"Loop forever"</i>
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end
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<outp>Loop forever</outp>
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<outp>Loop forever</outp>
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<outp>Loop forever</outp>
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<outp>...</outp>
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For loops can be used to iterate over a list. For example, a list of files::
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>_ for file in *.txt
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cp $file $file.bak
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end
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Iterating over a list of numbers can be done with ``seq``::
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>_ for x in (seq 5)
|
||
touch file_$x.txt
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Prompt
|
||
------
|
||
|
||
Unlike other shells, there is no prompt variable like PS1. To display your prompt, ``fish`` executes a function with the name ``fish_prompt``, and its output is used as the prompt.
|
||
|
||
You can define your own prompt::
|
||
|
||
>_ function fish_prompt
|
||
echo "New Prompt % "
|
||
end
|
||
<asis>New Prompt % </asis>___
|
||
|
||
|
||
Multiple lines are OK. Colors can be set via ``set_color``, passing it named ANSI colors, or hex RGB values::
|
||
|
||
>_ function fish_prompt
|
||
set_color purple
|
||
date "+%m/%d/%y"
|
||
set_color FF0
|
||
echo (pwd) '>'
|
||
set_color normal
|
||
end
|
||
<span style="color: purple">02/06/13</span>
|
||
<span style="color: #FF0">/home/tutorial ></span>___
|
||
|
||
|
||
You can choose among some sample prompts by running ``fish_config prompt``. ``fish`` also supports RPROMPT through ``fish_right_prompt``.
|
||
|
||
$PATH
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
``$PATH`` is an environment variable containing the directories in which ``fish`` searches for commands. Unlike other shells, $PATH is a [list](#tut_lists), not a colon-delimited string.
|
||
|
||
To prepend /usr/local/bin and /usr/sbin to ``$PATH``, you can write::
|
||
|
||
>_ set PATH /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin $PATH
|
||
|
||
|
||
To remove /usr/local/bin from ``$PATH``, you can write::
|
||
|
||
>_ set PATH (string match -v /usr/local/bin $PATH)
|
||
|
||
|
||
You can do so directly in ``config.fish``, like you might do in other shells with ``.profile``. See [this example](#path_example).
|
||
|
||
A faster way is to modify the ``$fish_user_paths`` [universal variable](#tut_universal), which is automatically prepended to ``$PATH``. For example, to permanently add ``/usr/local/bin`` to your ``$PATH``, you could write::
|
||
|
||
>_ set -U fish_user_paths /usr/local/bin $fish_user_paths
|
||
|
||
|
||
The advantage is that you don't have to go mucking around in files: just run this once at the command line, and it will affect the current session and all future instances too. (Note: you should NOT add this line to ``config.fish``. If you do, the variable will get longer each time you run fish!)
|
||
|
||
Startup (Where's .bashrc?)
|
||
--------------------------
|
||
|
||
``fish`` starts by executing commands in ``~/.config/fish/config.fish``. You can create it if it does not exist.
|
||
|
||
It is possible to directly create functions and variables in ``config.fish`` file, using the commands shown above. For example:
|
||
|
||
<a name="path_example"></a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
::
|
||
|
||
>_ cat ~/.config/fish/config.fish
|
||
|
||
set -x PATH $PATH /sbin/
|
||
|
||
function ll
|
||
ls -lh $argv
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
|
||
However, it is more common and efficient to use autoloading functions and universal variables.
|
||
|
||
Autoloading Functions
|
||
---------------------
|
||
|
||
When ``fish`` encounters a command, it attempts to autoload a function for that command, by looking for a file with the name of that command in ``~/.config/fish/functions/``.
|
||
|
||
For example, if you wanted to have a function ``ll``, you would add a text file ``ll.fish`` to ``~/.config/fish/functions``::
|
||
|
||
>_ cat ~/.config/fish/functions/ll.fish
|
||
function ll
|
||
ls -lh $argv
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
|
||
This is the preferred way to define your prompt as well::
|
||
|
||
>_ cat ~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish
|
||
function fish_prompt
|
||
echo (pwd) "> "
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
|
||
See the documentation for <a href="commands.html#funced">funced</a> and <a href="commands.html#funcsave">funcsave</a> for ways to create these files automatically.
|
||
|
||
Universal Variables
|
||
-------------------
|
||
|
||
A universal variable is a variable whose value is shared across all instances of ``fish``, now and in the future – even after a reboot. You can make a variable universal with ``set -U``::
|
||
|
||
>_ set -U EDITOR vim
|
||
|
||
|
||
Now in another shell::
|
||
|
||
>_ echo $EDITOR
|
||
vim
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. _switching-to-fish:
|
||
|
||
Switching to fish?
|
||
------------------
|
||
|
||
If you wish to use fish (or any other shell) as your default shell,
|
||
you need to enter your new shell's executable ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` in two places:
|
||
- add ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` to ``/etc/shells``
|
||
- change your default shell with ``chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish``
|
||
|
||
You can use the following commands for this:
|
||
|
||
Add the fish shell ``/usr/local/bin/fish``
|
||
to ``/etc/shells`` with::
|
||
|
||
>echo /usr/local/bin/fish | sudo tee -a /etc/shells
|
||
|
||
|
||
Change your default shell to fish with::
|
||
|
||
>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish
|
||
|
||
|
||
(To change it back to another shell, just substitute ``/usr/local/bin/fish``
|
||
with ``/bin/bash``, ``/bin/tcsh`` or ``/bin/zsh`` as appropriate in the steps above.)
|
||
|
||
|
||
Ready for more?
|
||
---------------
|
||
|
||
If you want to learn more about fish, there is <a href="index.html">lots of detailed documentation</a>, an <a href="https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/fish-users">official mailing list</a>, the IRC channel \#fish on ``irc.oftc.net``, and the <a href="https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/">github page</a>.
|