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163 lines
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163 lines
6 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlight:: fish-docs-samples
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.. _intro:
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Introduction
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************
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This is the documentation for :command:`fish`, the **f**\ riendly **i**\ nteractive **sh**\ ell.
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A shell is a program that helps you operate your computer by starting other programs. fish offers a command-line interface focused on usability and interactive use.
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Some of the special features of fish are:
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- **Extensive UI**: :ref:`Syntax highlighting <color>`, :ref:`autosuggestions`, :ref:`tab completion <tab-completion>` and selection lists that can be navigated and filtered.
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- **No configuration needed**: fish is designed to be ready to use immediately, without requiring extensive configuration.
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- **Easy scripting**: New :ref:`functions <syntax-function>` can be added on the fly. The syntax is easy to learn and use.
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This page explains how to install and set up fish and where to get more information.
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Where to go?
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============
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If this is your first time using fish, see the :ref:`tutorial <tutorial>`.
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If you are already familiar with other shells like bash and want to see the scripting differences, see :ref:`Fish For Bash Users <fish_for_bash_users>`.
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For a comprehensive overview of fish's scripting language, see :ref:`The Fish Language <language>`.
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For information on using fish interactively, see :ref:`Interactive use <interactive>`.
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If you need to install fish first, read on, the rest of this document will tell you how to get, install and configure fish.
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Installation
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============
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This section describes how to install, uninstall, start, and exit :command:`fish`. It also explains how to make fish the default shell.
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Installation
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------------
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Up-to-date instructions for installing the latest version of fish are on the `fish homepage <https://fishshell.com/>`_.
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To install the development version of fish, see the instructions on the `project's GitHub page <https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell>`_.
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Starting and Exiting
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--------------------
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Once fish has been installed, open a terminal. If fish is not the default shell:
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- Type :command:`fish` to start a shell::
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> fish
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- Type :command:`exit` to end the session::
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> exit
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.. _default-shell:
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Default Shell
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-------------
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There are multiple ways to switch to fish (or any other shell) as your default.
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The simpler is to set your terminal to start fish. See its configuration and set the program to start to ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` (if that's where fish is installed - substitute another location as appropriate).
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The more involved and complete way is to set fish as your login shell. To do that, you need to:
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1. Add the shell to ``/etc/shells`` with::
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> echo /usr/local/bin/fish | sudo tee -a /etc/shells
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2. Change your default shell with::
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> chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish
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Again, substitute the path to fish for /usr/local/bin/fish - see ``command -s fish`` inside fish. To change it back to another shell, just substitute ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` with ``/bin/bash``, ``/bin/tcsh`` or ``/bin/zsh`` as appropriate in the steps above.
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.. warning::
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Setting fish as your login shell may have issues, because some operating systems (including a bunch of linux distributions) only do some of their configuration in shell startup files like /etc/profile. So you could notice e.g. $PATH being wrong, and you would have to redo that setup.
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Uninstalling
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------------
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For uninstalling fish: see :ref:`FAQ: Uninstalling fish <faq-uninstalling>`.
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Shebang Line
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------------
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Because shell scripts are written in many different languages, they need to carry information about which interpreter should be used to execute them. For this, they are expected to have a first line, the shebang line, which names the interpreter executable.
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A script written in :command:`bash` would need a first line like this:
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::
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#!/bin/bash
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When the shell tells the kernel to execute the file, it will use the interpreter ``/bin/bash``.
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For a script written in another language, just replace ``/bin/bash`` with the interpreter for that language (for example: ``/usr/bin/python`` for a python script, or ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` for a fish script).
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This line is only needed when scripts are executed without specifying the interpreter. For functions inside fish or when executing a script with ``fish /path/to/script``, a shebang is not required (but it doesn't hurt!).
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Configuration
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=============
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To store configuration write it to a file called ``~/.config/fish/config.fish``.
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``.fish`` scripts in ``~/.config/fish/conf.d/`` are also automatically executed before ``config.fish``.
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These files are read on the startup of every shell, whether interactive and/or if they're login shells. Use ``status --is-interactive`` and ``status --is-login`` to do things only in interactive/login shells, respectively.
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This is the short version; for a full explanation, like for sysadmins or integration for developers of other software, see :ref:`Configuration files <configuration>`.
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Examples:
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---------
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To add ``~/linux/bin`` to PATH variable when using a login shell, add this to ``~/.config/fish/config.fish`` file::
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if status --is-login
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set -gx PATH $PATH ~/linux/bin
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end
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This is just an example; using :ref:`fish_add_path <cmd-fish_add_path>` e.g. ``fish_add_path ~/linux/bin`` which only adds the path if it isn't included yet is easier.
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To run commands on exit, use an :ref:`event handler <event>` that is triggered by the exit of the shell::
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function on_exit --on-event fish_exit
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echo fish is now exiting
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end
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.. _more-help:
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Resources
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=========
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- The `GitHub page <https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/>`_
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- The official `Gitter channel <https://gitter.im/fish-shell/fish-shell>`_
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- The official mailing list at `fish-users@lists.sourceforge.net <https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/fish-users>`_
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If you have an improvement for fish, you can submit it via the GitHub page.
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.. _other_pages:
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Other help pages
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================
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.. toctree::
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:maxdepth: 1
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self
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faq
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interactive
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language
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commands
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fish_for_bash_users
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tutorial
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completions
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design
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relnotes
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license
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