A shell is a program which helps you operate your computer by starting other programs. fish offers a command-line interface focused on usability and interactive use.
If fish is your default shell and you want to copy commands from the internet that are written in a different shell language, bash for example, you can proceed in the following way:
Since scripts for shell commands can be written in many different languages, they need to carry information about what interpreter is needed to execute them. For this they are expected to have a first line, the shebang line, which names an executable for this purpose.
For a script written in another language, just replace the interpreter ``/bin/bash`` with the language interpreter of that other language (for example: ``/bin/python`` for a python script, or ``/usr/local/bin/fish`` for a fish script).
This line is only needed when scripts are executed without specifying the interpreter. For functions inside fish or when executing a script with ``fish /path/to/script`` they aren't required (but don't hurt either!).
This calls the :ref:`echo <cmd-echo>` command. ``echo`` is a command which will write its arguments to the screen. In the example above, the output will be 'hello world'. Everything in fish is done with commands. There are commands for performing a set of commands multiple times, commands for assigning variables, commands for treating a group of commands as a single command, etc.. And every single command follows the same basic syntax.
``man`` is a command for displaying a manual page on a given topic. The man command takes the name of the manual page to display as an argument. There are manual pages for almost every command on most computers. There are also manual pages for many other things, such as system libraries and important files.
Every program on your computer can be used as a command in ``fish``. If the program file is located in one of the directories in the PATH_, you can just use the name of the program to use it. Otherwise the whole filename, including the directory (like ``/home/me/code/checkers/checkers`` or ``../checkers``) has to be used.
Commands and parameters are separated by the space character ``' '``. Every command ends with either a newline (i.e. by pressing the return key) or a semicolon ``;``. More than one command can be written on the same line by separating them with semicolons.
A switch is a very common special type of argument. Switches almost always start with one or more hyphens ``-`` and alter the way a command operates. For example, the ``ls`` command usually lists all the files and directories in the current working directory, but by using the ``-l`` switch, the behavior of ``ls`` is changed to not only display the filename, but also the size, permissions, owner and modification time of each file.
Switches differ between commands and are documented in the manual page for each command. Some switches are common to most command though, for example ``--help`` will usually display a help text, ``-i`` will often turn on interactive prompting before taking action, while ``-f`` will turn it off.
This is a short explanation of some of the commonly used words in fish.
-**argument** a parameter given to a command
-**builtin** a command that is implemented in the shell. Builtins are commands that are so closely tied to the shell that it is impossible to implement them as external commands.
-**function** a block of commands that can be called as if they were a single command. By using functions, it is possible to string together multiple smaller commands into one more advanced command.
-**job** a running pipeline or command
-**pipeline** a set of commands stringed together so that the output of one command is the input of the next command
-**redirection** an operation that changes one of the input/output streams associated with a job
-**switch** a special flag sent as an argument to a command that will alter the behavior of the command. A switch almost always begins with one or two hyphens.
Sometimes features like `parameter expansion <#expand>`_ and `character escapes <#escapes>`_ get in the way. When that happens, you can use quotes, either ``'`` (single quote) or ``"`` (double quote). Between single quotes, fish will perform no expansions, in double quotes it will only do :ref:`variable expansion <expand-variable>`. No other kind of expansion (including :ref:`brace expansion <expand-brace>` and parameter expansion) will take place, the parameter can contain spaces, and escape sequences are ignored.
The only backslash escapes that mean anything in single quotes are ``\'``, which escapes a single quote and ``\\``, which escapes the backslash symbol. The only backslash escapes in double quotes are ``\"``, which escapes a double quote, ``\$``, which escapes a dollar character, ``\`` followed by a newline, which deletes the backslash and the newline, and ``\\``, which escapes the backslash symbol.
Single quotes have no special meaning within double quotes and vice versa.
-``\xHH``, where *HH* is a hexadecimal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, ``\x9`` is the tab character.
-``\XHH``, where *HH* is a hexadecimal number, represents a byte of data with the specified value. If you are using a multibyte encoding, this can be used to enter invalid strings. Only use this if you know what you are doing.
-``\ooo``, where *ooo* is an octal number, represents the ascii character with the specified value. For example, ``\011`` is the tab character.
-``\uXXXX``, where *XXXX* is a hexadecimal number, represents the 16-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, ``\u9`` is the tab character.
-``\UXXXXXXXX``, where *XXXXXXXX* is a hexadecimal number, represents the 32-bit Unicode character with the specified value. For example, ``\U9`` is the tab character.
-``\cX``, where *X* is a letter of the alphabet, represents the control sequence generated by pressing the control key and the specified letter. For example, ``\ci`` is the tab character
To redirect both standard output and standard error to the file 'all_output.txt', you can write ``echo Hello &> all_output.txt``, which is a convenience for ``echo Hello > all_output.txt 2>&1``.
..[#] Previous versions of fish also allowed spelling this as ``^DESTINATION``, but that made another character special so it was deprecated and will be removed in future. See :ref:`feature flags<featureflags>`.
Another way to redirect streams is a *pipe*. This connects streams with each other, usually the standard output of one command with the standard input of another.
This is done by separating the commands by the pipe character ``|``. For example
will call the ``cat`` program with the parameter 'foo.txt', which will print the contents of the file 'foo.txt'. The contents of foo.txt will then be sent to the 'head' program, which will write the first few lines it reads to its output - the screen.
When you start a job in ``fish``, ``fish`` itself will pause, and give control of the terminal to the program just started. Sometimes, you want to continue using the commandline, and have the job run in the background. To create a background job, append an \& (ampersand) to your command. This will tell fish to run the job in the background. Background jobs are very useful when running programs that have a graphical user interface.
Most programs allow you to suspend the program's execution and return control to ``fish`` by pressing :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`Z` (also referred to as ``^Z``). Once back at the ``fish`` commandline, you can start other programs and do anything you want. If you then want you can go back to the suspended command by using the :ref:`fg <cmd-fg>` (foreground) command.
The first line tells fish to define a function by the name of ``ll``, so it can be used by simply writing ``ll`` on the commandline. The second line tells fish that the command ``ls -l $argv`` should be called when ``ll`` is invoked. ``$argv`` is a list variable, which always contains all arguments sent to the function. In the example above, these are simply passed on to the ``ls`` command. The ``end`` on the third line ends the definition.
Calling this as ``ll /tmp/`` will end up running ``ls -l /tmp/``, which will list the contents of /tmp.
This is a kind of function known as a :ref:`wrapper <syntax-function-wrappers>` or "alias".
Fish's prompt is also defined in a function, called :ref:`fish_prompt <cmd-fish_prompt>`. It is run when the prompt is about to be displayed and its output forms the prompt::
function fish_prompt
# A simple prompt. Displays the current directory (which fish stores in the $PWD variable)
# and then a user symbol - a '►' for a normal user and a '#' for root.
To edit a function, you can use :ref:`funced <cmd-funced>`, and to save a function :ref:`funcsave <cmd-funcsave>`. This will store it in a function file that fish will :ref:`autoload <syntax-function-autoloading>` when needed.
One of the most common uses for functions is to slightly alter the behavior of an already existing command. For example, one might want to redefine the ``ls`` command to display colors. The switch for turning on colors on GNU systems is ``--color=auto``. An alias, or wrapper, around ``ls`` might look like this::
- Always take care to add the ``$argv`` variable to the list of parameters to the wrapped command. This makes sure that if the user specifies any additional parameters to the function, they are passed on to the underlying command.
- If the alias has the same name as the aliased command, you need to prefix the call to the program with ``command`` to tell fish that the function should not call itself, but rather a command with the same name. If you forget to do so, the function would call itself until the end of time. Usually fish is smart enough to figure this out and will refrain from doing so (which is hopefully in your interest).
- Autoloading isn't applicable to aliases. Since, by definition, the function is created at the time the alias command is executed. You cannot autoload aliases.
When fish needs to load a function, it searches through any directories in the :ref:`list variable <variables-lists>```$fish_function_path`` for a file with a name consisting of the name of the function plus the suffix ``.fish`` and loads the first it finds.
- A directory for end-users to keep their own functions, usually ``~/.config/fish/functions`` (controlled by the ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` environment variable).
- A directory for systems administrators to install functions for all users on the system, usually ``/etc/fish/functions`` (really ``$__fish_sysconfdir/functions``).
- Directories for other software to put their own functions. These are in the directories in the ``XDG_DATA_DIRS`` environment variable, in a subdirectory called ``fish/vendor_functions.d``. The default is usually ``/usr/share/fish/vendor_functions.d`` and ``/usr/local/share/fish/vendor_functions.d``.
Autoloading also won't work for `event handlers <#event>`_, since fish cannot know that a function is supposed to be executed when an event occurs when it hasn't yet loaded the function. See the `event handlers <#event>`_ section for more information.
If you are developing another program and want to install fish functions for it, install them to the "vendor" functions directory. As this path varies from system to system, you can use ``pkgconfig`` to discover it with the output of ``pkg-config --variable functionsdir fish``. Your installation system should support a custom path to override the pkgconfig path, as other distributors may need to alter it easily.
Fish has some builtins that let you execute commands only if a specific criterion is met: :ref:`if <cmd-if>`, :ref:`switch <cmd-switch>`, :ref:`and <cmd-and>` and :ref:`or <cmd-or>`, and also the familiar :ref:`&&/|| <tut-combiners>` syntax.
The :ref:`switch <cmd-switch>` command is used to execute one of possibly many blocks of commands depending on the value of a string. See the documentation for :ref:`switch <cmd-switch>` for more information.
-``**`` matches any string of characters. This includes matching an empty string. The matched string can include the ``/`` character; that is, it goes into subdirectories. If a wildcard string with ``**`` contains a ``/``, that ``/`` still needs to be matched. For example, ``**\/*.fish`` won't match ``.fish`` files directly in the PWD, only in subdirectories. In fish you should type ``**.fish`` to match files in the PWD as well as subdirectories. [#]_
-``?`` can match any single character except ``/``. This is deprecated and can be disabled via the `qmark-noglob`:ref:`feature flag<featureflags>`, so `?` will just be an ordinary character.
Other shells, such as zsh, have a much richer glob syntax, like ``**(.)`` to only match regular files. Fish does not. Instead of reinventing the whell, use programs like ``find`` to look for files. For example::
Wildcard matches are sorted case insensitively. When sorting matches containing numbers, they are naturally sorted, so that the strings '1' '5' and '12' would be sorted like 1, 5, 12.
-``~/.*`` matches all hidden files (also known as "dotfiles") and directories in your home directory.
For most commands, if any wildcard fails to expand, the command is not executed, :ref:`$status <variables-status>` is set to nonzero, and a warning is printed. This behavior is like what bash does with ``shopt -s failglob``. There are exactly 4 exceptions, namely :ref:`set <cmd-set>`, overriding variables in :ref:`overrides <variables-override>`, :ref:`count <cmd-count>` and :ref:`for <cmd-for>`. Their globs will instead expand to zero arguments (so the command won't see them at all), like with ``shopt -s nullglob`` in bash.
..[#] Technically, unix allows filenames with newlines, and this splits the `find` output on newlines. If you want to avoid that, use `find`s `-print0` option and :ref:`string split0<cmd-string-split0>`.
When you write a command in parenthesis like ``outercommand (innercommand)``, the `innercommand` will be executed first. Its output will be taken and each line given as a separate argument to `outercommand`, which will then be executed. [#]_
If the output is piped to :ref:`string split or string split0 <cmd-string-split>` as the last step, those splits are used as they appear instead of splitting lines.
The exit status of the last run command substitution is available in the `status <#variables-status>`_ variable if the substitution happens in the context of a :ref:`set <cmd-set>` command (so `if set -l (something)` checks if `something` returned true).
Only part of the output can be used, see :ref:`index range expansion <expand-index-range>` for details.
Fish has a default limit of 100 MiB on the data it will read in a command sustitution. If that limit is reached the command (all of it, not just the command substitution - the outer command won't be executed at all) fails and ``$status`` is set to 122. This is so command substitutions can't cause the system to go out of memory, because typically your operating system has a much lower limit, so reading more than that would be useless and harmful. This limit can be adjusted with the ``fish_read_limit`` variable (`0` meaning no limit). This limit also affects the :ref:`read <cmd-read>` command.
Sometimes you want to pass the output of a command to another command that only accepts files. If it's just one file, you can usually just pass it via a pipe, like::
grep fish myanimallist1 | wc -l
but if you need multiple or the command doesn't read from standard input, "process substitution" is useful. Other shells [#]_ allow this via ``foo <(bar) <(baz)``, and fish uses the :ref:`psub <cmd-psub>` command::
# Compare just the lines containing "fish" in two files:
diff -u (grep fish myanimallist1 | psub) (grep fish myanimallist2 | psub)
This creates a temporary file, stores the output of the command in that file and prints the filename, so it is given to the outer command.
Curly braces can be used to write comma-separated lists. They will be expanded with each element becoming a new parameter, with the surrounding string attached. This is useful to save on typing, and to separate a variable name from surrounding text.
One of the most important expansions in fish is the "variable expansion". This is the replacing of a dollar sign (`$`) followed by a variable name with the _value_ of that variable. For more on shell variables, read the `Shell variables <#variables>`_ section.
Unlike all the other expansions, variable expansion also happens in double quoted strings. Inside double quotes (``"these"``), variables will always expand to exactly one argument. If they are empty or undefined, it will result in an empty string. If they have one element, they'll expand to that element. If they have more than that, the elements will be joined with spaces, unless the variable is a :ref:`path variable <variables-path>` - in that case it will use a colon (`:`) instead [#]_.
Outside of double quotes, variables will expand to as many arguments as they have elements. That means an empty list will expand to nothing, a variable with one element will expand to that element, and a variable with multiple elements will expand to each of those elements separately.
If a variable expands to nothing, it will cancel out any other strings attached to it. See the :ref:`cartesian product <cartesian-product>` section for more information.
When using this feature together with list brackets, the brackets will be used from the inside out. ``$$foo[5]`` will use the fifth element of the ``$foo`` variable as a variable name, instead of giving the fifth element of all the variables $foo refers to. That would instead be expressed as ``$$foo[1][5]`` (take the first element of ``$foo``, use it as a variable name, then give the fifth element of that).
When lists are expanded with other parts attached, they are expanded with these parts still attached. Even if two lists are attached to each other, they are expanded in all combinations. This is referred to as the `cartesian product` (like in mathematics), and works basically like :ref:`brace expansion <expand-brace>`.
Sometimes this may be unwanted, especially that tokens can disappear after expansion. In those cases, you should double-quote variables - ``echo "$c"word``.
This also happens after `command substitution <#expand-command-substitution>`_. To avoid tokens disappearing there, make the inner command return a trailing newline, or store the output in a variable and double-quote it.
Sometimes it's necessary to access only some of the elements of a list, or some of the lines a command substitution outputs. Both are possible in fish by writing a set of indices in brackets, like::
In index brackets, fish understands ranges written like ``a..b`` ('a' and 'b' being indices). They are expanded into a sequence of indices from a to b (so ``a a+1 a+2 ... b``), going up if b is larger and going down if a is larger. Negative indices can also be used - they are taken from the end of the list, so ``-1`` is the last element, and ``-2`` the one before it. If an index doesn't exist the range is clamped to the next possible index.
If a list has 5 elements the indices go from 1 to 5, so a range of ``2..16`` will only go from element 2 to element 5.
If the end is negative the range always goes up, so ``2..-2`` will go from element 2 to 4, and ``2..-16`` won't go anywhere because there is no way to go from the second element to one that doesn't exist, while going up.
If the start is negative the range always goes down, so ``-2..1`` will go from element 4 to 1, and ``-16..2`` won't go anywhere because there is no way to go from the second element to one that doesn't exist, while going down.
A missing starting index in a range defaults to 1. This is allowed if the range is the first index expression of the sequence. Similarly, a missing ending index, defaulting to -1 is allowed for the last index range in the sequence.
The ``~`` (tilde) character at the beginning of a parameter, followed by a username, is expanded into the home directory of the specified user. A lone ``~``, or a ``~`` followed by a slash, is expanded into the home directory of the process owner.
Variables are a way to save data and pass it around. They can be used by the shell, or they can be "exported", so that a copy of the variable is available to any external command the shell starts. An exported variable is referred to as an "environment variable".
To set a variable value, use the :ref:`set <cmd-set>` command. A variable name can not be empty and can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
- Local variables are specific to the current fish session, and associated with a specific block of commands, and automatically erased when a specific block goes out of scope. A block of commands is a series of commands that begins with one of the commands ``for``, ``while`` , ``if``, ``function``, ``begin`` or ``switch``, and ends with the command ``end``.
Variables can be explicitly set to be universal with the ``-U`` or ``--universal`` switch, global with the ``-g`` or ``--global`` switch, or local with the ``-l`` or ``--local`` switch. The scoping rules when creating or updating a variable are:
- As a special case, when no scope is given and no variable has been defined the variable will belong to the scope of the currently executing *function*. Note that this is different from the ``--local`` flag``, which would make the variable local to the current *block*.
There can be many variables with the same name, but different scopes. When you :ref:`use a variable <expand-variable>`, the smallest scoped variable of that name will be used. If a local variable exists, it will be used instead of the global or universal variable of the same name.
There are a few possible uses for different scopes.
Typically inside funcions you should use local scope::
function something
set -l file /path/to/my/file
if not test -e "$file"
set file /path/to/my/otherfile
end
end
If you want to set something in config.fish, or set something in a function and have it available for the rest of the session, global scope is a good choice::
# Don't shorten the working directory in the prompt
set -g fish_prompt_pwd_dir_length 0
# Set my preferred cursor style:
function setcursors
set -g fish_cursor_default block
set -g fish_cursor_insert line
set -g fish_cursor_visual underscore
end
# Set my language (also :ref:`exported <variables-export>`):
set -gx LANG de_DE.UTF-8
If you want to set some personal customization, universal variables are nice::
# Typically you'd run this interactively, fish takes care of keeping it.
Universal variables are variables that are shared between all the user's fish sessions on the computer. Fish stores many of its configuration options as universal variables. This means that in order to change fish settings, all you have to do is change the variable value once, and it will be automatically updated for all sessions, and preserved across computer reboots and login/logout.
To see universal variables in action, start two fish sessions side by side, and issue the following command in one of them ``set fish_color_cwd blue``. Since ``fish_color_cwd`` is a universal variable, the color of the current working directory listing in the prompt will instantly change to blue on both terminals.
`Universal variables <#variables-universal>`_ are stored in the file ``.config/fish/fish_variables``. Do not edit this file directly, as your edits may be overwritten. Edit the variables through fish scripts or by using fish interactively instead.
Do not append to universal variables in :ref:`config.fish <initialization>`, because these variables will then get longer with each new shell instance. Instead, simply set them once at the command line.
When calling a function, all current local variables temporarily disappear. This shadowing of the local scope is needed since the variable namespace would become cluttered, making it very easy to accidentally overwrite variables from another function.
Variables in fish can be "exported", so they will be inherited by any commands started by fish. In particular, this is necessary for variables used to configure external commands like $LESS or $GOPATH, but also for variables that contain general system settings like $PATH or $LANGUAGE. If an external command needs to know a variable, it needs to be exported.
Variables can be explicitly set to be exported with the ``-x`` or ``--export`` switch, or not exported with the ``-u`` or ``--unexport`` switch. The exporting rules when setting a variable are identical to the scoping rules for variables:
- If a variable is not explicitly set to be exported or not exported, but has been previously defined, the previous exporting rule for the variable is kept.
- If a variable has local scope and is exported, any function called receives a _copy_ of it, so any changes it makes to the variable disappear once the function returns.
set -gx ANDROID_HOME ~/.android # /opt/android-sdk
set -gx ASPROOT ~/packages/asp
set -gx CDPATH . ~ (test -e ~/Videos; and echo ~/Videos)
set -gx EDITOR emacs -nw
set -gx GCC_COLORS 'error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'
set -gx GOPATH ~/dev/go
set -gx GTK2_RC_FILES "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"
set -gx LESSHISTFILE "-"
It typically makes sense to make exported variables global as well, but local-exported variables can be useful if you need something more specific than :ref:`Overrides <variables-override>`. They are *copied* to functions so the function can't alter them outside, and still available to commands.
``fish`` can store a list (or an "array" if you wish) of multiple strings inside of a variable. To access one element of a list, use the index of the element inside of square brackets, like this:
Note that list indices start at 1 in ``fish``, not 0, as is more common in other languages. This is because many common Unix tools like ``seq`` are more suited to such use. An invalid index is silently ignored resulting in no value being substituted (not an empty string).
If you do not use any brackets, all the elements of the list will be written as separate items. This means you can easily iterate over a list using this syntax::
If you specify a negative index when expanding or assigning to a list variable, the index will be calculated from the end of the list. For example, the index -1 means the last index of a list.
All lists are one-dimensional and cannot contain other lists, although it is possible to fake nested lists using the dereferencing rules of `variable expansion <#expand-variable>`_.
``fish`` automatically creates lists from all environment variables whose name ends in PATH, by splitting them on colons. Other variables are not automatically split.
Path variables are a special kind of variable used to support colon-delimited path lists including PATH, CDPATH, MANPATH, PYTHONPATH, etc. All variables that end in ``PATH`` (case-sensitive) become PATH variables.
-``LANG``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_COLLATE``, ``LC_CTYPE``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, ``LC_MONETARY``, ``LC_NUMERIC`` and ``LC_TIME`` set the language option for the shell and subprograms. See the section `Locale variables <#variables-locale>`_ for more information.
- A number of variable starting with the prefixes ``fish_color`` and ``fish_pager_color``. See `Variables for changing highlighting colors <#variables-color>`__ for more information.
-``fish_ambiguous_width`` controls the computed width of ambiguous-width characters. This should be set to 1 if your terminal renders these characters as single-width (typical), or 2 if double-width.
-``fish_emoji_width`` controls whether fish assumes emoji render as 2 cells or 1 cell wide. This is necessary because the correct value changed from 1 to 2 in Unicode 9, and some terminals may not be aware. Set this if you see graphical glitching related to emoji (or other "special" characters). It should usually be auto-detected.
-``fish_escape_delay_ms`` overrides the default timeout of 30ms after seeing an escape character before giving up on matching a key binding. This is explained in the documentation for the :ref:`bind <cmd-bind-escape>` builtin command. This delay facilitates using escape as a meta key.
-``fish_trace``, if set and not empty, will cause fish to print commands before they execute, similar to `set -x` in bash. The trace is printed to the path given by the :ref:`--debug-output <cmd-fish>` option to fish (stderr by default).
-``umask``, the current file creation mask. The preferred way to change the umask variable is through the :ref:`umask <cmd-umask>` function. An attempt to set umask to an invalid value will always fail.
-``BROWSER``, your preferred web browser. If this variable is set, fish will use the specified browser instead of the system default browser to display the fish documentation.
``fish`` also sends additional information to the user through the values of certain environment variables. Most of these variables are read-only and their value can't be changed with ``set``.
-``argv``, a list of arguments to the shell or function. ``argv`` is only defined when inside a function call, or if fish was invoked with a list of arguments, like ``fish myscript.fish foo bar``. This variable can be changed by the user.
-``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES``, the current size of the terminal in height and width. These values are only used by fish if the operating system does not report the size of the terminal. Both variables must be set in that case otherwise a default of 80x24 will be used. They are updated when the window size changes.
-``fish_kill_signal``, the signal that terminated the last foreground job, or `0` if the job exited normally.
-``IFS``, the internal field separator that is used for word splitting with the :ref:`read <cmd-read>` builtin. Setting this to the empty string will also disable line splitting in `command substitution <#expand-command-substitution>`_. This variable can be changed by the user.
-``status``, the `exit status <#variables-status>`_ of the last foreground job to exit. If the job was terminated through a signal, the exit status will be 128 plus the signal number.
-``status_generation``, the "generation" count of ``$status``. This will be incremented only when the previous command produced an explicit status. (For example, background jobs will not increment this).
As a convention, an uppercase name is usually used for exported variables, while lowercase variables are not exported. (``CMD_DURATION`` is an exception for historical reasons). This rule is not enforced by fish, but it is good coding practice to use casing to distinguish between exported and unexported variables.
``fish`` also uses some variables internally, their name usually starting with ``__fish``. These are internal and should not typically be modified directly.
Whenever a process exits, an exit status is returned to the program that started it (usually the shell). This exit status is an integer number, which tells the calling application how the execution of the command went. In general, a zero exit status means that the command executed without problem, but a non-zero exit status means there was some form of problem.
The colors used by fish for syntax highlighting can be configured by changing the values of a various variables. The value of these variables can be one of the colors accepted by the :ref:`set_color <cmd-set_color>` command. The ``--bold`` or ``-b`` switches accepted by ``set_color`` are also accepted.
The most common way to set the locale to use a command like 'set -x LANG en_GB.utf8', which sets the current locale to be the English language, as used in Great Britain, using the UTF-8 character set. For a list of available locales, use 'locale -a'.
``LANG``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_COLLATE``, ``LC_CTYPE``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, ``LC_MONETARY``, ``LC_NUMERIC`` and ``LC_TIME`` set the language option for the shell and subprograms. These variables work as follows: ``LC_ALL`` forces all the aspects of the locale to the specified value. If ``LC_ALL`` is set, all other locale variables will be ignored. The other ``LC_`` variables set the specified aspect of the locale information. ``LANG`` is a fallback value, it will be used if none of the ``LC_`` variables are specified.
Many other shells have a large library of builtin commands. Most of these commands are also available as standalone commands, but have been implemented in the shell anyway. To avoid code duplication, and to avoid the confusion of subtly differing versions of the same command, ``fish`` generally only implements builtins for actions which cannot be performed by a regular command.
For a list of all builtins, functions and commands shipped with fish, see the :ref:`list of commands <Commands>`. The documentation is also available by using the ``--help`` switch of the command.
The names given to variables and functions (so called "identifiers") have to follow certain rules:
- A variable name cannot be empty. It can contain only letters, digits, and underscores. It may begin and end with any of those characters.
- A function name cannot be empty. It may not begin with a hyphen ("-") and may not contain a slash ("/"). All other characters, including a space, are valid.
- A bind mode name (e.g., ``bind -m abc ...``) is restricted to the rules for valid variable names.
Other things have other restrictions. For instance what is allowed for file names depends on your system, but at the very least they cannot contain a "/" (because that is the path separator) or NULL byte (because that is how UNIX ends strings).
Fish prides itself on being really nice to use interactively. That's down to a few features we'll explain in the next few sections.
Help
----
``fish`` has an extensive help system. Use the :ref:`help <cmd-help>` command to obtain help on a specific subject or command. For instance, writing ``help syntax`` displays the `syntax section <#syntax>`_ of this documentation.
``fish`` also has man pages for its commands. For example, ``man set`` will show the documentation for ``set`` as a man page.
Help on a specific builtin can also be obtained with the ``-h`` parameter. For instance, to obtain help on the :ref:`fg <cmd-fg>` builtin, either type ``fg -h`` or ``help fg``.
fish suggests commands as you type, based on `command history <#history-search>`_, completions, and valid file paths. As you type commands, you will see a suggestion offered after the cursor, in a muted gray color (which can be changed with the ``fish_color_autosuggestion`` variable).
To accept the autosuggestion (replacing the command line contents), press :kbd:`→` or :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`F`. To accept the first suggested word, press :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`→` or :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`F`. If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it: it won't execute unless you accept it.
Autosuggestions are a powerful way to quickly summon frequently entered commands, by typing the first few characters. They are also an efficient technique for navigating through directory hierarchies.
Tab completion is one of the most time saving features of any modern shell. By tapping :kbd:`Tab`, the user asks ``fish`` to guess the rest of the command or parameter that the user is currently typing. If ``fish`` can only find one possible completion, ``fish`` will write it out. If there is more than one completion, ``fish`` will write out the longest prefix that all completions have in common. If the completions differ on the first character, a list of all possible completions is printed. The list features descriptions of the completions and if the list doesn't fit the screen, it is scrollable by using the arrow keys, :kbd:`Page Up` / :kbd:`Page Down`, :kbd:`Tab` or :kbd:`Space`.
If the list is visible, pressing :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`S` (or the ``pager-toggle-search`` binding) will allow filtering the list. :kbd:`Shift`\ +\ :kbd:`Tab` (or the ``complete-and-search`` binding) will trigger completion with the search field immediately visible.
``fish`` provides a large number of program specific completions. Most of these completions are simple options like the ``-l`` option for ``ls``, but some are more advanced. The latter include:
- The programs ``man`` and ``whatis`` show all installed manual pages as completions.
- The ``make`` program uses all targets in the Makefile in the current directory as completions.
- The ``mount`` command uses all mount points specified in fstab as completions.
- The ``ssh`` command uses all hosts that are stored in the known_hosts file as completions. (See the ssh documentation for more information)
- The ``su`` command uses all users on the system as completions.
- The ``apt-get``, ``rpm`` and ``yum`` commands use all installed packages as completions.
The ``fish`` editor features copy and paste, a `searchable history <#history-search>`_ and many editor functions that can be bound to special keyboard shortcuts.
Similar to bash, fish has Emacs and Vi editing modes. The default editing mode is Emacs. You can switch to Vi mode with ``fish_vi_key_bindings`` and switch back with ``fish_default_key_bindings``. You can also make your own key bindings by creating a function and setting $fish_key_bindings to its name. For example::
Some bindings are shared between emacs- and vi-mode because they aren't text editing bindings or because what Vi/Vim does for a particular key doesn't make sense for a shell.
-:kbd:`Tab``completes <#tab-completion>`_ the current token. :kbd:`Shift`\ +\ :kbd:`Tab` completes the current token and starts the pager's search mode.
-:kbd:`←` (Left) and :kbd:`→` (Right) move the cursor left or right by one character. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, :kbd:`→` accepts the autosuggestion.
-:kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`←` and :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`→` move the cursor one word left or right (to the next space or punctuation mark), or moves forward/backward in the directory history if the command line is empty. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`→` (or :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`F`) accepts the first word in the suggestion.
-:kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`←` and :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`→` move the cursor one word left or right. These accept one word of the autosuggestion - the part they'd move over.
-:kbd:`Shift`\ +\ :kbd:`←` and :kbd:`Shift`\ +\ :kbd:`→` move the cursor one word left or right, without stopping on punctuation. These accept one big word of the autosuggestion.
-:kbd:`↑` (Up) and :kbd:`↓` (Down) (or :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`P` and :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`N` for emacs aficionados) search the command history for the previous/next command containing the string that was specified on the commandline before the search was started. If the commandline was empty when the search started, all commands match. See the `history <#history-search>`_ section for more information on history searching.
-:kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`↑` and :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`↓` search the command history for the previous/next token containing the token under the cursor before the search was started. If the commandline was not on a token when the search started, all tokens match. See the `history <#history-search>`_ section for more information on history searching.
-:kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`D` delete one character to the right of the cursor. If the command line is empty, :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`D` will exit fish.
-:kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`L` lists the contents of the current directory, unless the cursor is over a directory argument, in which case the contents of that directory will be listed.
-:kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`P` adds the string ``&| less;`` to the end of the job under the cursor. The result is that the output of the command will be paged.
-:kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`E` edit the current command line in an external editor. The editor is chosen from the first available of the ``$VISUAL`` or ``$EDITOR`` variables.
-:kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`Space` Inserts a space without expanding an :ref:`abbreviation <abbreviations>`. For vi-mode this only applies to insert-mode.
-:kbd:`End` or :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`E` moves to the end of line. If the cursor is already at the end of the line, and an autosuggestion is available, :kbd:`End` or :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`E` accepts the autosuggestion.
-:kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`B`, :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`F` move the cursor one character left or right or accept the autosuggestion just like the :kbd:`←` (Left) and :kbd:`→` (Right) shared bindings (which are available as well).
Vi mode allows for the use of Vi-like commands at the prompt. Initially, `insert mode <#vi-mode-insert>`_ is active. :kbd:`Escape` enters `command mode <#vi-mode-command>`_. The commands available in command, insert and visual mode are described below. Vi mode shares `some bindings <#shared-binds>`_ with `Emacs mode <#emacs-mode>`_.
When in vi-mode, the :ref:`fish_mode_prompt <cmd-fish_mode_prompt>` function will display a mode indicator to the left of the prompt. To disable this feature, override it with an empty function. To display the mode elsewhere (like in your right prompt), use the output of the ``fish_default_mode_prompt`` function.
When a binding switches the mode, it will repaint the mode-prompt if it exists, and the rest of the prompt only if it doesn't. So if you want a mode-indicator in your ``fish_prompt``, you need to erase ``fish_mode_prompt`` e.g. by adding an empty file at `~/.config/fish/functions/fish_mode_prompt.fish`. (Bindings that change the mode are supposed to call the `repaint-mode` bind function, see :ref:`bind <cmd-bind>`)
The ``fish_vi_cursor`` function will be used to change the cursor's shape depending on the mode in supported terminals. The following snippet can be used to manually configure cursors after enabling vi-mode::
# Emulates vim's cursor shape behavior
# Set the normal and visual mode cursors to a block
If the cursor shape does not appear to be changing after setting the above variables, it's likely your terminal emulator does not support the capabilities necessary to do this. It may also be the case, however, that `fish_vi_cursor` has not detected your terminal's features correctly (for example, if you are using `tmux`). If this is the case, you can force `fish_vi_cursor` to set the cursor shape by setting `$fish_vi_force_cursor` in `config.fish`. You'll have to restart fish for any changes to take effect. If cursor shape setting remains broken after this, it's almost certainly an issue with your terminal emulator, and not fish.
-:kbd:`[` and :kbd:`]` search the command history for the previous/next token containing the token under the cursor before the search was started. See the `history <#history-search>`_ section for more information on history searching.
In addition to the standard bindings listed here, you can also define your own with :ref:`bind <cmd-bind>`::
# Just clear the commandline on control-c
bind \cc 'commandline -r ""'
Put ``bind`` statements into :ref:`config.fish <initialization>` or a function called ``fish_user_key_bindings``.
The key sequence (the ``\cc``) here depends on your setup, in particular the terminal. To find out what the terminal sends use :ref:`fish_key_reader <cmd-fish_key_reader>`::
> fish_key_reader
Press a key:
hex: 3 char: \cC
Press [ctrl-C] again to exit
bind \cC 'do something'
Note that some key combinations are indistinguishable or unbindable. For instance control-i *is the same* as the tab key. This is a terminal limitation that fish can't do anything about.
``fish`` uses an Emacs-style kill ring for copy and paste functionality. For example, use :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`K` (`kill-line`) to cut from the current cursor position to the end of the line. The string that is cut (a.k.a. killed in emacs-ese) is inserted into a list of kills, called the kill ring. To paste the latest value from the kill ring (emacs calls this "yanking") use :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`Y` (the `yank` input function). After pasting, use :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`Y` (`yank-pop`) to rotate to the previous kill.
Copy and paste from outside are also supported, both via the :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`X` / :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`V` bindings (the `fish_clipboard_copy` and `fish_clipboard_paste` functions [#]_) and via the terminal's paste function, for which fish enables "Bracketed Paste Mode", so it can tell a paste from manually entered text.
In addition, when pasting inside single quotes, pasted single quotes and backslashes are automatically escaped so that the result can be used as a single token simply by closing the quote after.
..[#] These rely on external tools. Currently xsel, xclip, wl-copy/wl-paste and pbcopy/pbpaste are supported.
The fish commandline editor can be used to work on commands that are several lines long. There are three ways to make a command span more than a single line:
- Pressing the :kbd:`Enter` key while a block of commands is unclosed, such as when one or more block commands such as ``for``, ``begin`` or ``if`` do not have a corresponding :ref:`end <cmd-end>` command.
- Pressing :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`Enter` instead of pressing the :kbd:`Enter` key.
- By inserting a backslash (``\``) character before pressing the :kbd:`Enter` key, escaping the newline.
The fish commandline editor works exactly the same in single line mode and in multiline mode. To move between lines use the left and right arrow keys and other such keyboard shortcuts.
After a command has been entered, it is inserted at the end of a history list. Any duplicate history items are automatically removed. By pressing the up and down keys, the user can search forwards and backwards in the history. If the current command line is not empty when starting a history search, only the commands containing the string entered into the command line are shown.
By pressing :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`↑` and :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`↓`, a history search is also performed, but instead of searching for a complete commandline, each commandline is broken into separate elements just like it would be before execution, and the history is searched for an element matching that under the cursor.
If the commandline reads ``cd m``, place the cursor over the ``m`` character and press :kbd:`Alt`\ +\ :kbd:`↑` to search for previously typed words containing 'm'.
Fish automatically keeps a trail of the recent visited directories with :ref:`cd <cmd-cd>` by storing this history in the ``dirprev`` and ``dirnext`` variables.
Another set of commands, usually also available in other shells like bash, deal with the directory stack. Stack handling is not automatic and needs explicit calls of the following commands:
-:ref:`dirs <cmd-dirs>` prints the stack
-:ref:`pushd <cmd-pushd>` adds a directory on top of the stack and makes it the current working directory
-:ref:`popd <cmd-popd>` removes the directory on top of the stack and changes the current working directory
Normally when ``fish`` starts a program, this program will be put in the foreground, meaning it will take control of the terminal and ``fish`` will be stopped until the program finishes. Sometimes this is not desirable. For example, you may wish to start an application with a graphical user interface from the terminal, and then be able to continue using the shell. In such cases, there are several ways in which the user can change fish's behavior.
- By ending a command with the ``&`` (ampersand) symbol, the user tells ``fish`` to put the specified command into the background. A background process will be run simultaneous with ``fish``. ``fish`` will retain control of the terminal, so the program will not be able to read from the keyboard.
- By pressing :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`Z`, the user stops a currently running foreground program and returns control to ``fish``. Some programs do not support this feature, or remap it to another key. GNU Emacs uses :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`X`:kbd:`Z` to stop running.
- By using the :ref:`bg <cmd-bg>` and :ref:`fg <cmd-fg>` builtin commands, the user can send any currently running job into the foreground or background.
Note that functions cannot be started in the background. Functions that are stopped and then restarted in the background using the :ref:`bg <cmd-bg>` command will not execute correctly.
On startup, Fish evaluates a number of configuration files, which can be used to control the behavior of the shell. The location of these is controlled by a number of environment variables, and their default or usual location is given below.
- Directories for third-party software vendors to ship their own configuration snippets for their software. Fish searches the directories in the ``XDG_DATA_DIRS`` environment variable for a ``fish/vendor_conf.d`` directory; if this variable is not defined, the default is usually to search ``/usr/share/fish/vendor_conf.d`` and ``/usr/local/share/fish/vendor_conf.d``
- System-wide configuration files, where administrators can include initialization that should be run for all users on the system - similar to ``/etc/profile`` for POSIX-style shells - in ``$__fish_sysconf_dir`` (usually ``/etc/fish/config.fish``).
- User initialization, usually in ``~/.config/fish/config.fish`` (controlled by the ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` environment variable, and accessible as ``$__fish_config_dir``).
These files are all executed on the startup of every shell. If you want to run a command only on starting an interactive shell, use the exit status of the command ``status --is-interactive`` to determine if the shell is interactive. If you want to run a command only when using a login shell, use ``status --is-login`` instead. This will speed up the starting of non-interactive or non-login shells.
If you are developing another program, you may wish to install configuration which is run for all users of the fish shell on a system. This is discouraged; if not carefully written, they may have side-effects or slow the startup of the shell. Additionally, users of other shells will not benefit from the Fish-specific configuration. However, if they are absolutely required, you may install them to the "vendor" configuration directory. As this path may vary from system to system, the `pkgconfig` framework should be used to discover this path with the output of ``pkg-config --variable confdir fish``.
If you want to add the directory ``~/linux/bin`` to your PATH variable when using a login shell, add the following to your ``~/.config/fish/config.fish`` file::
Feature flags are how fish stages changes that might break scripts. Breaking changes are introduced as opt-in, in a few releases they become opt-out, and eventually the old behavior is removed.
There are two breaking changes in fish 3.0: caret ``^`` no longer redirects stderr, and question mark ``?`` is no longer a glob.
There is one breaking change in fish 3.1: ``string replace -r`` does a superfluous round of escaping for the replacement, so escaping backslashes would look like ``string replace -ra '([ab])' '\\\\\\\$1' a``. This flag removes that if turned on, so ``'\\\\$1'`` is enough.
These changes are off by default. They can be enabled on a per session basis::
``fish`` interprets the command line as it is typed and uses syntax highlighting to provide feedback to the user. The most important feedback is the detection of potential errors. By default, errors are marked red.
To customize the syntax highlighting, you can set the environment variables listed in the `Variables for changing highlighting colors <#variables-color>`__ section.
When using most virtual terminals, it is possible to set the message displayed in the titlebar of the terminal window. This can be done automatically in fish by defining the ``fish_title`` function. The ``fish_title`` function is executed before and after a new command is executed or put into the foreground and the output is used as a titlebar message. The `status current-command` builtin will always return the name of the job to be put into the foreground (or 'fish' if control is returning to the shell) when the ``fish_prompt`` function is called. The first argument to fish_title will contain the most recently executed foreground command as a string, starting with fish 2.2.
When fish waits for input, it will display a prompt by evaluating the ``fish_prompt`` and `fish_right_prompt` functions. The output of the former is displayed on the left and the latter's output on the right side of the terminal. The output of ``fish_mode_prompt`` will be prepended on the left, though the default function only does this when in `vi-mode <#vi-mode>`__.
If a function named ``fish_greeting`` exists, it will be run when entering interactive mode. Otherwise, if an environment variable named ``fish_greeting`` exists, it will be printed.
fish supports launching in private mode via ``fish --private`` (or ``fish -P`` for short). In private mode, old history is not available and any interactive commands you execute will not be appended to the global history file, making it useful both for avoiding inadvertently leaking personal information (e.g. for screencasts) and when dealing with sensitive information to prevent it being persisted to disk. You can query the global variable `fish_private_mode`` (``if set -q fish_private_mode ...``) if you would like to respect the user's wish for privacy and alter the behavior of your own fish scripts.
When defining a new function in fish, it is possible to make it into an event handler, i.e. a function that is automatically run when a specific event takes place. Events that can trigger a handler currently are:
Please note that event handlers only become active when a function is loaded, which means you might need to otherwise :ref:`source <cmd-source>` or execute a function instead of relying on :ref:`autoloading <syntax-function-autoloading>`. One approach is to put it into your :ref:`initialization file <initialization>`.
Fish includes a built in debugging facility. The debugger allows you to stop execution of a script at an arbitrary point. When this happens you are presented with an interactive prompt. At this prompt you can execute any fish command (there are no debug commands as such). For example, you can check or change the value of any variables using ``printf`` and ``set``. As another example, you can run ``status print-stack-trace`` to see how this breakpoint was reached. To resume normal execution of the script, simply type ``exit`` or :kbd:`Control`\ +\ :kbd:`D`.
To start a debug session simply run the builtin command ``breakpoint`` at the point in a function or script where you wish to gain control. Also, the default action of the TRAP signal is to call this builtin. So a running script can be debugged by sending it the TRAP signal with the ``kill`` command. Once in the debugger, it is easy to insert new breakpoints by using the funced function to edit the definition of a function.
