fish-shell/src/builtin.cpp

// Functions for executing builtin functions.
//
// How to add a new builtin function:
//
// 1). Create a function in builtin.c with the following signature:
//
//     <tt>static int builtin_NAME( parser_t &parser, wchar_t ** args )</tt>
//
// where NAME is the name of the builtin, and args is a zero-terminated list of arguments.
//
// 2). Add a line like { L"NAME", &builtin_NAME, N_(L"Bla bla bla") }, to the builtin_data_t
// variable. The description is used by the completion system. Note that this array is sorted.
//
// 3). Create a file doc_src/NAME.txt, containing the manual for the builtin in Doxygen-format.
// Check the other builtin manuals for proper syntax.
//
// 4). Use 'git add doc_src/NAME.txt' to start tracking changes to the documentation file.
#include "config.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep

#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <wchar.h>
#include <wctype.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

#include "builtin.h"
#include "builtin_commandline.h"
#include "builtin_complete.h"
#include "builtin_jobs.h"
#include "builtin_printf.h"
#include "builtin_set.h"
#include "builtin_set_color.h"
#include "builtin_string.h"
#include "builtin_test.h"
#include "builtin_ulimit.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "complete.h"
#include "env.h"
#include "event.h"
#include "exec.h"
#include "expand.h"
#include "fallback.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep
#include "function.h"
#include "highlight.h"
#include "history.h"
#include "input.h"
#include "intern.h"
#include "io.h"
#include "parse_constants.h"
#include "parse_util.h"
#include "parser.h"
#include "parser_keywords.h"
#include "path.h"
#include "proc.h"
#include "reader.h"
#include "signal.h"
#include "tokenizer.h"
#include "wcstringutil.h"
#include "wgetopt.h"
#include "wutil.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep

bool builtin_data_t::operator<(const wcstring &other) const {
    return wcscmp(this->name, other.c_str()) < 0;
}

bool builtin_data_t::operator<(const builtin_data_t *other) const {
    return wcscmp(this->name, other->name) < 0;
}

/// Counts the number of arguments in the specified null-terminated array
///
/// @param argv[]: argument list
///
/// @return
///     The numer of non-NULL elements in @param *argv before the first NULL.
///
int builtin_count_args(const wchar_t *const *argv) {
    int argc;
    for (argc = 1; argv[argc] != NULL; argc++)
        ;

    assert(argv[argc] == NULL);
    return argc;
}

/// This function works like wperror, but it prints its result into the streams.err string instead
/// to stderr. Used by the builtin commands.
void builtin_wperror(const wchar_t *s, io_streams_t &streams) {
    char *err = strerror(errno);
    if (s != NULL) {
        streams.err.append(s);
        streams.err.append(L": ");
    }
    if (err != NULL) {
        const wcstring werr = str2wcstring(err);
        streams.err.append(werr);
        streams.err.push_back(L'\n');
    }
}

/// Count the number of times the specified character occurs in the specified string.
static int count_char(const wchar_t *str, wchar_t c) {
    int res = 0;
    for (; *str; str++) {
        res += (*str == c);
    }
    return res;
}

/// Obtain help/usage information for the specified builtin from manpage in subshell
///
/// @param  name
///    builtin name to get up help for
///
/// @return
///    A wcstring with a formatted manpage.
///
wcstring builtin_help_get(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, const wchar_t *name) {
    // This won't ever work if no_exec is set.
    if (no_exec) return wcstring();

    wcstring_list_t lst;
    wcstring out;
    const wcstring name_esc = escape_string(name, 1);
    wcstring cmd = format_string(L"__fish_print_help %ls", name_esc.c_str());
    if (!streams.out_is_redirected && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
        // since we're using a subshell, __fish_print_help can't tell we're in
        // a terminal. Tell it ourselves.
        int cols = common_get_width();
        cmd = format_string(L"__fish_print_help --tty-width %d %ls", cols, name_esc.c_str());
    }
    if (exec_subshell(cmd, lst, false /* don't apply exit status */) >= 0) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < lst.size(); i++) {
            out.append(lst.at(i));
            out.push_back(L'\n');
        }
    }
    return out;
}

/// Process and print for the specified builtin. If @c b is `sb_err`, also print the line
/// information.
///
/// If @c b is the buffer representing standard error, and the help message is about to be printed
/// to an interactive screen, it may be shortened to fit the screen.
///
void builtin_print_help(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, const wchar_t *cmd,
                        output_stream_t &b) {
    bool is_stderr = &b == &streams.err;
    if (is_stderr) {
        b.append(parser.current_line());
    }

    const wcstring h = builtin_help_get(parser, streams, cmd);

    if (!h.size()) return;

    wchar_t *str = wcsdup(h.c_str());
    if (str) {
        bool is_short = false;
        if (is_stderr) {
            // Interactive mode help to screen - only print synopsis if the rest won't fit.
            int screen_height, lines;

            screen_height = common_get_height();
            lines = count_char(str, L'\n');
            if (!shell_is_interactive() || (lines > 2 * screen_height / 3)) {
                wchar_t *pos;
                int cut = 0;
                int i;

                is_short = true;

                // First move down 4 lines.
                pos = str;
                for (i = 0; (i < 4) && pos && *pos; i++) {
                    pos = wcschr(pos + 1, L'\n');
                }

                if (pos && *pos) {
                    // Then find the next empty line.
                    for (; *pos; pos++) {
                        if (*pos == L'\n') {
                            wchar_t *pos2;
                            int is_empty = 1;

                            for (pos2 = pos + 1; *pos2; pos2++) {
                                if (*pos2 == L'\n') break;

                                if (*pos2 != L'\t' && *pos2 != L' ') {
                                    is_empty = 0;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            if (is_empty) {
                                // And cut it.
                                *(pos2 + 1) = L'\0';
                                cut = 1;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // We did not find a good place to cut message to shorten it - so we make sure we
                // don't print anything.
                if (!cut) {
                    *str = 0;
                }
            }
        }

        b.append(str);
        if (is_short) {
            b.append_format(_(L"%ls: Type 'help %ls' for related documentation\n\n"), cmd, cmd);
        }

        free(str);
    }
}

/// Perform error reporting for encounter with unknown option.
void builtin_unknown_option(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, const wchar_t *cmd,
                            const wchar_t *opt) {
    streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, cmd, opt);
    builtin_print_help(parser, streams, cmd, streams.err);
}

/// Perform error reporting for encounter with missing argument.
void builtin_missing_argument(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, const wchar_t *cmd,
                              const wchar_t *opt) {
    streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_MISSING, cmd, opt);
    builtin_print_help(parser, streams, cmd, streams.err);
}

// Here follows the definition of all builtin commands. The function names are all of the form
// builtin_NAME where NAME is the name of the builtin. so the function name for the builtin 'fg' is
// 'builtin_fg'.
//
// A few builtins, including 'while', 'command' and 'builtin' are not defined here as they are
// handled directly by the parser. (They are not parsed as commands, instead they only alter the
// parser state)
//
// The builtins 'break' and 'continue' are so closely related that they share the same
// implementation, namely 'builtin_break_continue.
//
// Several other builtins, including jobs, ulimit and set are so big that they have been given their
// own module. These files are all named 'builtin_NAME.cpp', where NAME is the name of the builtin.

/// List a single key binding.
/// Returns false if no binding with that sequence and mode exists.
static bool builtin_bind_list_one(const wcstring &seq, const wcstring &bind_mode,
                                  io_streams_t &streams) {
    std::vector<wcstring> ecmds;
    wcstring sets_mode;

    if (!input_mapping_get(seq, bind_mode, &ecmds, &sets_mode)) {
        return false;
    }

    streams.out.append(L"bind");

    // Append the mode flags if applicable.
    if (bind_mode != DEFAULT_BIND_MODE) {
        const wcstring emode = escape_string(bind_mode, ESCAPE_ALL);
        streams.out.append(L" -M ");
        streams.out.append(emode);
    }
    if (sets_mode != bind_mode) {
        const wcstring esets_mode = escape_string(sets_mode, ESCAPE_ALL);
        streams.out.append(L" -m ");
        streams.out.append(esets_mode);
    }

    // Append the name.
    wcstring tname;
    if (input_terminfo_get_name(seq, &tname)) {
        // Note that we show -k here because we have an input key name.
        streams.out.append_format(L" -k %ls", tname.c_str());
    } else {
        // No key name, so no -k; we show the escape sequence directly.
        const wcstring eseq = escape_string(seq, ESCAPE_ALL);
        streams.out.append_format(L" %ls", eseq.c_str());
    }

    // Now show the list of commands.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ecmds.size(); i++) {
        const wcstring &ecmd = ecmds.at(i);
        const wcstring escaped_ecmd = escape_string(ecmd, ESCAPE_ALL);
        streams.out.push_back(' ');
        streams.out.append(escaped_ecmd);
    }
    streams.out.push_back(L'\n');

    return true;
}

/// List all current key bindings.
static void builtin_bind_list(const wchar_t *bind_mode, io_streams_t &streams) {
    const std::vector<input_mapping_name_t> lst = input_mapping_get_names();

    for (std::vector<input_mapping_name_t>::const_iterator it = lst.begin(), end = lst.end();
         it != end; ++it) {
        if (bind_mode != NULL && bind_mode != it->mode) {
            continue;
        }

        builtin_bind_list_one(it->seq, it->mode, streams);
    }
}

/// Print terminfo key binding names to string buffer used for standard output.
///
/// \param all if set, all terminfo key binding names will be printed. If not set, only ones that
/// are defined for this terminal are printed.
static void builtin_bind_key_names(int all, io_streams_t &streams) {
    const wcstring_list_t names = input_terminfo_get_names(!all);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
        const wcstring &name = names.at(i);

        streams.out.append_format(L"%ls\n", name.c_str());
    }
}

/// Print all the special key binding functions to string buffer used for standard output.
static void builtin_bind_function_names(io_streams_t &streams) {
    wcstring_list_t names = input_function_get_names();

    for (size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
        const wchar_t *seq = names.at(i).c_str();
        streams.out.append_format(L"%ls\n", seq);
    }
}

/// Wraps input_terminfo_get_sequence(), appending the correct error messages as needed.
static int get_terminfo_sequence(const wchar_t *seq, wcstring *out_seq, io_streams_t &streams) {
    if (input_terminfo_get_sequence(seq, out_seq)) {
        return 1;
    }
    wcstring eseq = escape_string(seq, 0);
    switch (errno) {
        case ENOENT: {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: No key with name '%ls' found\n"), L"bind",
                                      eseq.c_str());
            break;
        }
        case EILSEQ: {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Key with name '%ls' does not have any mapping\n"),
                                      L"bind", eseq.c_str());
            break;
        }
        default: {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Unknown error trying to bind to key named '%ls'\n"),
                                      L"bind", eseq.c_str());
            break;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/// Add specified key binding.
static int builtin_bind_add(const wchar_t *seq, const wchar_t *const *cmds, size_t cmds_len,
                            const wchar_t *mode, const wchar_t *sets_mode, int terminfo,
                            io_streams_t &streams) {
    if (terminfo) {
        wcstring seq2;
        if (get_terminfo_sequence(seq, &seq2, streams)) {
            input_mapping_add(seq2.c_str(), cmds, cmds_len, mode, sets_mode);
        } else {
            return 1;
        }

    } else {
        input_mapping_add(seq, cmds, cmds_len, mode, sets_mode);
    }

    return 0;
}

/// Erase specified key bindings
///
/// @param  seq
///    an array of all key bindings to erase
/// @param  all
///    if specified, _all_ key bindings will be erased
/// @param  mode
///    if specified, only bindings from that mode will be erased. If not given
///    and all is false, @c DEFAULT_BIND_MODE will be used.
/// @param  use_terminfo
///    Whether to look use terminfo -k name
///
static int builtin_bind_erase(wchar_t **seq, int all, const wchar_t *mode, int use_terminfo,
                              io_streams_t &streams) {
    if (all) {
        const std::vector<input_mapping_name_t> lst = input_mapping_get_names();
        for (std::vector<input_mapping_name_t>::const_iterator it = lst.begin(), end = lst.end();
             it != end; ++it) {
            if (mode == NULL || mode == it->mode) {
                input_mapping_erase(it->seq, it->mode);
            }
        }
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    }
    int res = 0;
    while (*seq) {
        if (use_terminfo) {
            wcstring seq2;
            if (get_terminfo_sequence(*seq++, &seq2, streams)) {
                input_mapping_erase(seq2, mode != NULL ? mode : DEFAULT_BIND_MODE);
            } else {
                res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        } else {
            input_mapping_erase(*seq++, mode != NULL ? mode : DEFAULT_BIND_MODE);
        }
    }

    return res;
}

/// The bind builtin, used for setting character sequences.
static int builtin_bind(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    enum { BIND_INSERT, BIND_ERASE, BIND_KEY_NAMES, BIND_FUNCTION_NAMES };
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int mode = BIND_INSERT;
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    bool all = false;
    const wchar_t *bind_mode = DEFAULT_BIND_MODE;
    bool bind_mode_given = false;
    const wchar_t *sets_bind_mode = DEFAULT_BIND_MODE;
    bool sets_bind_mode_given = false;
    bool use_terminfo = false;

    w.woptind = 0;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"all", no_argument, 0, 'a'},
                                                  {L"erase", no_argument, 0, 'e'},
                                                  {L"function-names", no_argument, 0, 'f'},
                                                  {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
                                                  {L"key", no_argument, 0, 'k'},
                                                  {L"key-names", no_argument, 0, 'K'},
                                                  {L"mode", required_argument, 0, 'M'},
                                                  {L"sets-mode", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
                                                  {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;
        int opt = w.wgetopt_long_only(argc, argv, L"aehkKfM:m:", long_options, &opt_index);

        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'a': {
                all = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'e': {
                mode = BIND_ERASE;
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 'k': {
                use_terminfo = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'K': {
                mode = BIND_KEY_NAMES;
                break;
            }
            case 'f': {
                mode = BIND_FUNCTION_NAMES;
                break;
            }
            case 'M': {
                bind_mode = w.woptarg;
                bind_mode_given = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'm': {
                sets_bind_mode = w.woptarg;
                sets_bind_mode_given = true;
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    // if mode is given, but not new mode, default to new mode to mode.
    if (bind_mode_given && !sets_bind_mode_given) {
        sets_bind_mode = bind_mode;
    }

    switch (mode) {
        case BIND_ERASE: {
            if (builtin_bind_erase(&argv[w.woptind], all, bind_mode_given ? bind_mode : NULL,
                                   use_terminfo, streams)) {
                res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            break;
        }
        case BIND_INSERT: {
            switch (argc - w.woptind) {
                case 0: {
                    builtin_bind_list(bind_mode_given ? bind_mode : NULL, streams);
                    break;
                }
                case 1: {
                    wcstring seq;
                    if (use_terminfo) {
                        if (!get_terminfo_sequence(argv[w.woptind], &seq, streams)) {
                            res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                            // get_terminfo_sequence already printed the error.
                            break;
                        }
                    } else {
                        seq = argv[w.woptind];
                    }
                    if (!builtin_bind_list_one(seq, bind_mode, streams)) {
                        res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                        wcstring eseq = escape_string(argv[w.woptind], 0);
                        if (use_terminfo) {
                            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: No binding found for key '%ls'\n"),
                                                      argv[0], eseq.c_str());
                        } else {
                            streams.err.append_format(
                                _(L"%ls: No binding found for sequence '%ls'\n"), argv[0],
                                eseq.c_str());
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    if (builtin_bind_add(argv[w.woptind], argv + (w.woptind + 1),
                                         argc - (w.woptind + 1), bind_mode, sets_bind_mode,
                                         use_terminfo, streams)) {
                        res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
            break;
        }
        case BIND_KEY_NAMES: {
            builtin_bind_key_names(all, streams);
            break;
        }
        case BIND_FUNCTION_NAMES: {
            builtin_bind_function_names(streams);
            break;
        }
        default: {
            res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Invalid state\n"), argv[0]);
            break;
        }
    }

    return res;
}

/// The block builtin, used for temporarily blocking events.
static int builtin_block(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    enum {
        UNSET,
        GLOBAL,
        LOCAL,
    };

    int scope = UNSET;
    int erase = 0;
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    w.woptind = 0;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"erase", no_argument, 0, 'e'},
                                                  {L"local", no_argument, 0, 'l'},
                                                  {L"global", no_argument, 0, 'g'},
                                                  {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
                                                  {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;
        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"elgh", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 'g': {
                scope = GLOBAL;
                break;
            }
            case 'l': {
                scope = LOCAL;
                break;
            }
            case 'e': {
                erase = 1;
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (erase) {
        if (scope != UNSET) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Can not specify scope when removing block\n"),
                                      argv[0]);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        if (parser.global_event_blocks.empty()) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: No blocks defined\n"), argv[0]);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
        parser.global_event_blocks.pop_front();
    } else {
        size_t block_idx = 0;
        block_t *block = parser.block_at_index(block_idx);

        event_blockage_t eb = {};
        eb.typemask = (1 << EVENT_ANY);

        switch (scope) {
            case LOCAL: {
                // If this is the outermost block, then we're global
                if (block_idx + 1 >= parser.block_count()) {
                    block = NULL;
                }
                break;
            }
            case GLOBAL: {
                block = NULL;
            }
            case UNSET: {
                while (block != NULL && block->type() != FUNCTION_CALL &&
                       block->type() != FUNCTION_CALL_NO_SHADOW) {
                    // Set it in function scope
                    block = parser.block_at_index(++block_idx);
                }
            }
        }
        if (block) {
            block->event_blocks.push_front(eb);
        } else {
            parser.global_event_blocks.push_front(eb);
        }
    }

    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// The builtin builtin, used for giving builtins precedence over functions. Mostly handled by the
/// parser. All this code does is some additional operational modes, such as printing a list of all
/// builtins, printing help, etc.
static int builtin_builtin(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int list = 0;
    wgetopter_t w;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {
        {L"names", no_argument, 0, 'n'}, {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"nh", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 'n': {
                list = 1;
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (list) {
        wcstring_list_t names = builtin_get_names();
        sort(names.begin(), names.end());

        for (size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
            const wchar_t *el = names.at(i).c_str();

            streams.out.append(el);
            streams.out.append(L"\n");
        }
    }
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// Implementation of the builtin emit command, used to create events.
static int builtin_emit(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"h", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!argv[w.woptind]) {
        streams.err.append_format(L"%ls: expected event name\n", argv[0]);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }
    const wchar_t *eventname = argv[w.woptind];
    wcstring_list_t args(argv + w.woptind + 1, argv + argc);
    event_fire_generic(eventname, &args);

    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// Implementation of the builtin 'command'. Actual command running is handled by the parser, this
/// just processes the flags.
static int builtin_command(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int print_path = 0;

    w.woptind = 0;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {
        {L"search", no_argument, 0, 's'}, {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"svh", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 's':
            case 'v': {
                print_path = 1;
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!print_path) {
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    int found = 0;

    for (int idx = w.woptind; argv[idx]; ++idx) {
        const wchar_t *command_name = argv[idx];
        wcstring path;
        if (path_get_path(command_name, &path)) {
            streams.out.append_format(L"%ls\n", path.c_str());
            ++found;
        }
    }
    return found ? STATUS_BUILTIN_OK : STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
}

/// A generic bultin that only supports showing a help message. This is only a placeholder that
/// prints the help message. Useful for commands that live in the parser.
static int builtin_generic(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    // Hackish - if we have no arguments other than the command, we are a "naked invocation" and we
    // just print help.
    if (argc == 1) {
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"h", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
}

/// Return a definition of the specified function. Used by the functions builtin.
static wcstring functions_def(const wcstring &name) {
    CHECK(!name.empty(), L"");
    wcstring out;
    wcstring desc, def;
    function_get_desc(name, &desc);
    function_get_definition(name, &def);
    event_t search(EVENT_ANY);
    search.function_name = name;
    std::vector<event_t *> ev;
    event_get(search, &ev);

    out.append(L"function ");

    // Typically we prefer to specify the function name first, e.g. "function foo --description bar"
    // But If the function name starts with a -, we'll need to output it after all the options.
    bool defer_function_name = (name.at(0) == L'-');
    if (!defer_function_name) {
        out.append(escape_string(name, true));
    }

    if (!desc.empty()) {
        wcstring esc_desc = escape_string(desc, true);
        out.append(L" --description ");
        out.append(esc_desc);
    }

    if (!function_get_shadow_scope(name)) {
        out.append(L" --no-scope-shadowing");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < ev.size(); i++) {
        event_t *next = ev.at(i);
        switch (next->type) {
            case EVENT_SIGNAL: {
                append_format(out, L" --on-signal %ls", sig2wcs(next->param1.signal));
                break;
            }
            case EVENT_VARIABLE: {
                append_format(out, L" --on-variable %ls", next->str_param1.c_str());
                break;
            }
            case EVENT_EXIT: {
                if (next->param1.pid > 0)
                    append_format(out, L" --on-process-exit %d", next->param1.pid);
                else if (next->param1.pid < 0)
                    append_format(out, L" --on-job-exit %d", -next->param1.pid);
                break;
            }
            case EVENT_JOB_ID: {
                const job_t *j = job_get(next->param1.job_id);
                if (j) append_format(out, L" --on-job-exit %d", j->pgid);
                break;
            }
            case EVENT_GENERIC: {
                append_format(out, L" --on-event %ls", next->str_param1.c_str());
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    wcstring_list_t named = function_get_named_arguments(name);
    if (!named.empty()) {
        append_format(out, L" --argument");
        for (size_t i = 0; i < named.size(); i++) {
            append_format(out, L" %ls", named.at(i).c_str());
        }
    }

    // Output the function name if we deferred it.
    if (defer_function_name) {
        out.append(L" -- ");
        out.append(escape_string(name, true));
    }

    // Output any inherited variables as `set -l` lines.
    std::map<wcstring, env_var_t> inherit_vars = function_get_inherit_vars(name);
    for (std::map<wcstring, env_var_t>::const_iterator it = inherit_vars.begin(),
                                                       end = inherit_vars.end();
         it != end; ++it) {
        wcstring_list_t lst;
        if (!it->second.missing()) {
            tokenize_variable_array(it->second, lst);
        }

        // This forced tab is crummy, but we don't know what indentation style the function uses.
        append_format(out, L"\n\tset -l %ls", it->first.c_str());
        for (wcstring_list_t::const_iterator arg_it = lst.begin(), arg_end = lst.end();
             arg_it != arg_end; ++arg_it) {
            wcstring earg = escape_string(*arg_it, ESCAPE_ALL);
            out.push_back(L' ');
            out.append(earg);
        }
    }

    // This forced tab is sort of crummy - not all functions start with a tab.
    append_format(out, L"\n\t%ls", def.c_str());

    // Append a newline before the 'end', unless there already is one there.
    if (!string_suffixes_string(L"\n", def)) {
        out.push_back(L'\n');
    }
    out.append(L"end\n");
    return out;
}

/// The functions builtin, used for listing and erasing functions.
static int builtin_functions(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    int i;
    int erase = 0;
    wchar_t *desc = 0;

    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int list = 0;
    int show_hidden = 0;
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    int query = 0;
    int copy = 0;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {
        {L"erase", no_argument, 0, 'e'}, {L"description", required_argument, 0, 'd'},
        {L"names", no_argument, 0, 'n'}, {L"all", no_argument, 0, 'a'},
        {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},  {L"query", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
        {L"copy", no_argument, 0, 'c'},  {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"ed:nahqc", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'e': {
                erase = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'd': {
                desc = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case 'n': {
                list = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'a': {
                show_hidden = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 'q': {
                query = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'c': {
                copy = 1;
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    // Erase, desc, query, copy and list are mutually exclusive.
    if ((erase + (!!desc) + list + query + copy) > 1) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Invalid combination of options\n"), argv[0]);

        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    if (erase) {
        int i;
        for (i = w.woptind; i < argc; i++) function_remove(argv[i]);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    } else if (desc) {
        wchar_t *func;

        if (argc - w.woptind != 1) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Expected exactly one function name\n"), argv[0]);
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
        func = argv[w.woptind];
        if (!function_exists(func)) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Function '%ls' does not exist\n"), argv[0], func);

            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        function_set_desc(func, desc);

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    } else if (list || (argc == w.woptind)) {
        int is_screen = !streams.out_is_redirected && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO);
        size_t i;
        wcstring_list_t names = function_get_names(show_hidden);
        std::sort(names.begin(), names.end());
        if (is_screen) {
            wcstring buff;

            for (i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
                buff.append(names.at(i));
                buff.append(L", ");
            }

            streams.out.append(reformat_for_screen(buff));
        } else {
            for (i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
                streams.out.append(names.at(i).c_str());
                streams.out.append(L"\n");
            }
        }

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    } else if (copy) {
        wcstring current_func;
        wcstring new_func;

        if (argc - w.woptind != 2) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Expected exactly two names (current function name, "
                                        L"and new function name)\n"),
                                      argv[0]);
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
        current_func = argv[w.woptind];
        new_func = argv[w.woptind + 1];

        if (!function_exists(current_func)) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Function '%ls' does not exist\n"), argv[0],
                                      current_func.c_str());
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        if ((wcsfuncname(new_func) != 0) || parser_keywords_is_reserved(new_func)) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Illegal function name '%ls'\n"), argv[0],
                                      new_func.c_str());
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        // Keep things simple: don't allow existing names to be copy targets.
        if (function_exists(new_func)) {
            streams.err.append_format(
                _(L"%ls: Function '%ls' already exists. Cannot create copy '%ls'\n"), argv[0],
                new_func.c_str(), current_func.c_str());
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        if (function_copy(current_func, new_func)) return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    for (i = w.woptind; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!function_exists(argv[i]))
            res++;
        else {
            if (!query) {
                if (i != w.woptind) streams.out.append(L"\n");

                streams.out.append(functions_def(argv[i]));
            }
        }
    }

    return res;
}

static unsigned int builtin_echo_digit(wchar_t wc, unsigned int base) {
    assert(base == 8 || base == 16);  // base must be hex or octal
    switch (wc) {
        case L'0': {
            return 0;
        }
        case L'1': {
            return 1;
        }
        case L'2': {
            return 2;
        }
        case L'3': {
            return 3;
        }
        case L'4': {
            return 4;
        }
        case L'5': {
            return 5;
        }
        case L'6': {
            return 6;
        }
        case L'7': {
            return 7;
        }
    }

    if (base == 16) switch (wc) {
            case L'8': {
                return 8;
            }
            case L'9': {
                return 9;
            }
            case L'a':
            case L'A': {
                return 10;
            }
            case L'b':
            case L'B': {
                return 11;
            }
            case L'c':
            case L'C': {
                return 12;
            }
            case L'd':
            case L'D': {
                return 13;
            }
            case L'e':
            case L'E': {
                return 14;
            }
            case L'f':
            case L'F': {
                return 15;
            }
        }
    return UINT_MAX;
}

/// Parse a numeric escape sequence in str, returning whether we succeeded. Also return the number
/// of characters consumed and the resulting value. Supported escape sequences:
///
/// \0nnn: octal value, zero to three digits
/// \nnn: octal value, one to three digits
/// \xhh: hex value, one to two digits
static bool builtin_echo_parse_numeric_sequence(const wchar_t *str, size_t *consumed,
                                                unsigned char *out_val) {
    bool success = false;
    unsigned int start = 0;  // the first character of the numeric part of the sequence

    unsigned short base = 0, max_digits = 0;
    if (builtin_echo_digit(str[0], 8) != UINT_MAX) {
        // Octal escape
        base = 8;

        // If the first digit is a 0, we allow four digits (including that zero); otherwise, we
        // allow 3.
        max_digits = (str[0] == L'0' ? 4 : 3);
    } else if (str[0] == L'x') {
        // Hex escape
        base = 16;
        max_digits = 2;

        // Skip the x
        start = 1;
    }

    if (base != 0) {
        unsigned int idx;
        unsigned char val = '\0';  // resulting character
        for (idx = start; idx < start + max_digits; idx++) {
            unsigned int digit = builtin_echo_digit(str[idx], base);
            if (digit == UINT_MAX) break;
            val = val * base + digit;
        }

        // We succeeded if we consumed at least one digit.
        if (idx > start) {
            *consumed = idx;
            *out_val = val;
            success = true;
        }
    }
    return success;
}

/// The echo builtin.
///
/// Bash only respects -n if it's the first argument. We'll do the same. We also support a new
/// option -s to mean "no spaces"
static int builtin_echo(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    // Skip first arg
    if (!*argv++) return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;

    // Process options. Options must come at the beginning - the first non-option kicks us out.
    bool print_newline = true, print_spaces = true, interpret_special_chars = false;
    size_t option_idx = 0;
    for (option_idx = 0; argv[option_idx] != NULL; option_idx++) {
        const wchar_t *arg = argv[option_idx];
        assert(arg != NULL);
        bool arg_is_valid_option = false;
        if (arg[0] == L'-') {
            // We have a leading dash. Ensure that every subseqnent character is a valid option.
            size_t i = 1;
            while (arg[i] != L'\0' && wcschr(L"nesE", arg[i]) != NULL) {
                i++;
            }
            // We must have at least two characters to be a valid option, and have consumed the
            // whole string.
            arg_is_valid_option = (i >= 2 && arg[i] == L'\0');
        }

        if (!arg_is_valid_option) {
            // This argument is not an option, so there are no more options.
            break;
        }

        // Ok, we are sure the argument is an option. Parse it.
        assert(arg_is_valid_option);
        for (size_t i = 1; arg[i] != L'\0'; i++) {
            switch (arg[i]) {
                case L'n': {
                    print_newline = false;
                    break;
                }
                case L'e': {
                    interpret_special_chars = true;
                    break;
                }
                case L's': {
                    print_spaces = false;
                    break;
                }
                case L'E': {
                    interpret_special_chars = false;
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    assert(0 && "Unexpected character in builtin_echo argument");
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // The special character \c can be used to indicate no more output.
    bool continue_output = true;

    /* Skip over the options */
    const wchar_t *const *args_to_echo = argv + option_idx;
    for (size_t idx = 0; continue_output && args_to_echo[idx] != NULL; idx++) {
        if (print_spaces && idx > 0) {
            streams.out.push_back(' ');
        }

        const wchar_t *str = args_to_echo[idx];
        for (size_t j = 0; continue_output && str[j]; j++) {
            if (!interpret_special_chars || str[j] != L'\\') {
                // Not an escape.
                streams.out.push_back(str[j]);
            } else {
                // Most escapes consume one character in addition to the backslash; the numeric
                // sequences may consume more, while an unrecognized escape sequence consumes none.
                wchar_t wc;
                size_t consumed = 1;
                switch (str[j + 1]) {
                    case L'a': {
                        wc = L'\a';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'b': {
                        wc = L'\b';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'e': {
                        wc = L'\x1B';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'f': {
                        wc = L'\f';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'n': {
                        wc = L'\n';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'r': {
                        wc = L'\r';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L't': {
                        wc = L'\t';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'v': {
                        wc = L'\v';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'\\': {
                        wc = L'\\';
                        break;
                    }
                    case L'c': {
                        wc = 0;
                        continue_output = false;
                        break;
                    }
                    default: {
                        // Octal and hex escape sequences.
                        unsigned char narrow_val = 0;
                        if (builtin_echo_parse_numeric_sequence(str + j + 1, &consumed,
                                                                &narrow_val)) {
                            // Here consumed must have been set to something. The narrow_val is a
                            // literal byte that we want to output (#1894).
                            wc = ENCODE_DIRECT_BASE + narrow_val % 256;
                        } else {
                            // Not a recognized escape. We consume only the backslash.
                            wc = L'\\';
                            consumed = 0;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // Skip over characters that were part of this escape sequence (but not the
                // backslash, which will be handled by the loop increment.
                j += consumed;

                if (continue_output) {
                    streams.out.push_back(wc);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (print_newline && continue_output) {
        streams.out.push_back('\n');
    }
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// The pwd builtin. We don't respect -P to resolve symbolic links because we
/// try to always resolve them.
static int builtin_pwd(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wcstring res = wgetcwd();
    if (res.empty()) {
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }
    streams.out.append(res);
    streams.out.push_back(L'\n');
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// Defines and adds a function to the function set. Calls into `function.cpp`
/// to perform all heavy lifting.
///
/// @param  c_args
///    The arguments. Should NOT contain 'function' as the first argument as the
///    parser treats it as a keyword.
/// @param  contents
///    The function definition string
/// @param  definition_line_offset
///    The definition line offset
///
/// @return
///    Returns 0 on success.
///
int builtin_function(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, const wcstring_list_t &c_args,
                     const wcstring &contents, int definition_line_offset, wcstring *out_err) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    assert(out_err != NULL);

    // wgetopt expects 'function' as the first argument. Make a new wcstring_list with that
    // property.
    wcstring_list_t args;
    args.push_back(L"function");
    args.insert(args.end(), c_args.begin(), c_args.end());

    // Hackish const_cast matches the one in builtin_run.
    const null_terminated_array_t<wchar_t> argv_array(args);
    wchar_t **argv = const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv_array.get());
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    wchar_t *desc = 0;
    std::vector<event_t> events;
    bool has_named_arguments = false;
    wcstring_list_t named_arguments;
    wcstring_list_t inherit_vars;
    bool shadow_scope = true;

    wcstring_list_t wrap_targets;

    // If -a/--argument-names is specified before the function name, then the function name is the
    // last positional, e.g. `function -a arg1 arg2 name`. If it is specified after the function
    // name (or not specified at all) then the function name is the first positional. This is the
    // common case.
    bool name_is_first_positional = true;
    wcstring_list_t positionals;

    const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"description", required_argument, 0, 'd'},
                                           {L"on-signal", required_argument, 0, 's'},
                                           {L"on-job-exit", required_argument, 0, 'j'},
                                           {L"on-process-exit", required_argument, 0, 'p'},
                                           {L"on-variable", required_argument, 0, 'v'},
                                           {L"on-event", required_argument, 0, 'e'},
                                           {L"wraps", required_argument, 0, 'w'},
                                           {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
                                           {L"argument-names", no_argument, 0, 'a'},
                                           {L"no-scope-shadowing", no_argument, 0, 'S'},
                                           {L"inherit-variable", required_argument, 0, 'V'},
                                           {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1 && !res) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        // The leading - here specifies RETURN_IN_ORDER.
        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"-d:s:j:p:v:e:w:haSV:", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;
        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                append_format(*out_err, BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0], long_options[opt_index].name);
                res = 1;
                break;
            }
            case 'd': {
                desc = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case 's': {
                int sig = wcs2sig(w.woptarg);
                if (sig < 0) {
                    append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Unknown signal '%ls'"), argv[0], w.woptarg);
                    res = 1;
                    break;
                }
                events.push_back(event_t::signal_event(sig));
                break;
            }
            case 'v': {
                if (wcsvarname(w.woptarg)) {
                    append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Invalid variable name '%ls'"), argv[0],
                                  w.woptarg);
                    res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                    break;
                }

                events.push_back(event_t::variable_event(w.woptarg));
                break;
            }
            case 'e': {
                events.push_back(event_t::generic_event(w.woptarg));
                break;
            }
            case 'j':
            case 'p': {
                wchar_t *end;
                event_t e(EVENT_ANY);

                if ((opt == 'j') && (wcscasecmp(w.woptarg, L"caller") == 0)) {
                    int job_id = -1;

                    if (is_subshell) {
                        size_t block_idx = 0;

                        // Find the outermost substitution block.
                        for (block_idx = 0;; block_idx++) {
                            const block_t *b = parser.block_at_index(block_idx);
                            if (b == NULL || b->type() == SUBST) break;
                        }

                        // Go one step beyond that, to get to the caller.
                        const block_t *caller_block = parser.block_at_index(block_idx + 1);
                        if (caller_block != NULL && caller_block->job != NULL) {
                            job_id = caller_block->job->job_id;
                        }
                    }

                    if (job_id == -1) {
                        append_format(*out_err,
                                      _(L"%ls: Cannot find calling job for event handler"),
                                      argv[0]);
                        res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                    } else {
                        e.type = EVENT_JOB_ID;
                        e.param1.job_id = job_id;
                    }
                } else {
                    pid_t pid = wcstoimax(w.woptarg, &end, 10);
                    if (pid < 1 || !(*w.woptarg != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
                        append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Invalid process id '%ls'"), argv[0],
                                      w.woptarg);
                        res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                        break;
                    }

                    e.type = EVENT_EXIT;
                    e.param1.pid = (opt == 'j' ? -1 : 1) * abs(pid);
                }
                if (!res) {
                    events.push_back(e);
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'a': {
                has_named_arguments = true;
                // The function name is the first positional unless -a comes before all positionals.
                name_is_first_positional = !positionals.empty();
                break;
            }
            case 'S': {
                shadow_scope = false;
                break;
            }
            case 'w': {
                wrap_targets.push_back(w.woptarg);
                break;
            }
            case 'V': {
                if (wcsvarname(w.woptarg)) {
                    append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Invalid variable name '%ls'"), argv[0],
                                  w.woptarg);
                    res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                    break;
                }

                inherit_vars.push_back(w.woptarg);
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 1: {
                assert(w.woptarg != NULL);
                positionals.push_back(w.woptarg);
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!res) {
        // Determine the function name, and remove it from the list of positionals.
        wcstring function_name;
        bool name_is_missing = positionals.empty();
        if (!name_is_missing) {
            if (name_is_first_positional) {
                function_name = positionals.front();
                positionals.erase(positionals.begin());
            } else {
                function_name = positionals.back();
                positionals.erase(positionals.end() - 1);
            }
        }

        if (name_is_missing) {
            append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Expected function name"), argv[0]);
            res = 1;
        } else if (wcsfuncname(function_name)) {
            append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Illegal function name '%ls'"), argv[0],
                          function_name.c_str());

            res = 1;
        } else if (parser_keywords_is_reserved(function_name)) {
            append_format(
                *out_err,
                _(L"%ls: The name '%ls' is reserved,\nand can not be used as a function name"),
                argv[0], function_name.c_str());

            res = 1;
        } else if (function_name.empty()) {
            append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: No function name given"), argv[0]);
            res = 1;
        } else {
            if (has_named_arguments) {
                // All remaining positionals are named arguments.
                named_arguments.swap(positionals);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < named_arguments.size(); i++) {
                    if (wcsvarname(named_arguments.at(i))) {
                        append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Invalid variable name '%ls'"), argv[0],
                                      named_arguments.at(i).c_str());
                        res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else if (!positionals.empty()) {
                // +1 because we already got the function name.
                append_format(*out_err, _(L"%ls: Expected one argument, got %lu"), argv[0],
                              (unsigned long)(positionals.size() + 1));
                res = 1;
            }
        }

        if (!res) {
            // Here we actually define the function!
            function_data_t d;

            d.name = function_name;
            if (desc) d.description = desc;
            d.events.swap(events);
            d.shadow_scope = shadow_scope;
            d.named_arguments.swap(named_arguments);
            d.inherit_vars.swap(inherit_vars);

            for (size_t i = 0; i < d.events.size(); i++) {
                event_t &e = d.events.at(i);
                e.function_name = d.name;
            }

            d.definition = contents.c_str();

            function_add(d, parser, definition_line_offset);

            // Handle wrap targets.
            for (size_t w = 0; w < wrap_targets.size(); w++) {
                complete_add_wrapper(function_name, wrap_targets.at(w));
            }
        }
    }

    return res;
}

/// The random builtin generates random numbers.
static int builtin_random(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    static bool seeded = false;
    static struct drand48_data seed_buffer;

    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    wgetopter_t w;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"h", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                break;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    switch (argc - w.woptind) {
        case 0: {
            long res;
            if (!seeded) {
                seeded = true;
                srand48_r(time(0), &seed_buffer);
            }
            lrand48_r(&seed_buffer, &res);
            streams.out.append_format(L"%ld\n", res % 32768);
            break;
        }
        case 1: {
            wchar_t *end = 0;
            long seedval = wcstol(argv[w.woptind], &end, 10);
            if (!(*argv[w.woptind] != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Seed value '%ls' is not a valid number\n"),
                                          argv[0], argv[w.woptind]);

                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            seeded = true;
            srand48_r(seedval, &seed_buffer);
            break;
        }
        default: {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Expected zero or one argument, got %d\n"), argv[0],
                                      argc - w.woptind);
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
    }
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// The read builtin. Reads from stdin and stores the values in environment variables.
static int builtin_read(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    wcstring buff;
    int i, argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int place = ENV_USER;
    const wchar_t *prompt = DEFAULT_READ_PROMPT;
    const wchar_t *right_prompt = L"";
    const wchar_t *commandline = L"";
    int exit_res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    const wchar_t *mode_name = READ_MODE_NAME;
    int nchars = 0;
    wchar_t *end;
    bool shell = false;
    bool array = false;
    bool split_null = false;

    while (1) {
        static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"export", no_argument, 0, 'x'},
                                                      {L"global", no_argument, 0, 'g'},
                                                      {L"local", no_argument, 0, 'l'},
                                                      {L"universal", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
                                                      {L"unexport", no_argument, 0, 'u'},
                                                      {L"prompt", required_argument, 0, 'p'},
                                                      {L"right-prompt", required_argument, 0, 'R'},
                                                      {L"command", required_argument, 0, 'c'},
                                                      {L"mode-name", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
                                                      {L"nchars", required_argument, 0, 'n'},
                                                      {L"shell", no_argument, 0, 's'},
                                                      {L"array", no_argument, 0, 'a'},
                                                      {L"null", no_argument, 0, 'z'},
                                                      {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
                                                      {0, 0, 0, 0}};

        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"xglUup:R:c:hm:n:saz", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case L'x': {
                place |= ENV_EXPORT;
                break;
            }
            case L'g': {
                place |= ENV_GLOBAL;
                break;
            }
            case L'l': {
                place |= ENV_LOCAL;
                break;
            }
            case L'U': {
                place |= ENV_UNIVERSAL;
                break;
            }
            case L'u': {
                place |= ENV_UNEXPORT;
                break;
            }
            case L'p': {
                prompt = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case L'R': {
                right_prompt = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case L'c': {
                commandline = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case L'm': {
                mode_name = w.woptarg;
                break;
            }
            case L'n': {
                nchars = wcstoimax(w.woptarg, &end, 10);
                if (!(*w.woptarg != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
                    // MUST be an error
                    switch (errno) {
                        case ERANGE: {
                            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Argument '%ls' is out of range\n"),
                                                      argv[0], w.woptarg);
                            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                        }
                        default: {
                            streams.err.append_format(
                                _(L"%ls: Argument '%ls' must be an integer\n"), argv[0], w.woptarg);
                            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case 's': {
                shell = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'a': {
                array = true;
                break;
            }
            case L'z': {
                split_null = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case L'?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if ((place & ENV_UNEXPORT) && (place & ENV_EXPORT)) {
        streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_EXPUNEXP, argv[0]);

        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    if ((place & ENV_LOCAL ? 1 : 0) + (place & ENV_GLOBAL ? 1 : 0) +
            (place & ENV_UNIVERSAL ? 1 : 0) >
        1) {
        streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_GLOCAL, argv[0]);
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    if (array && w.woptind + 1 != argc) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: --array option requires a single variable name.\n"),
                                  argv[0]);
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    // Verify all variable names.
    for (i = w.woptind; i < argc; i++) {
        wchar_t *src;

        if (!wcslen(argv[i])) {
            streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_VARNAME_ZERO, argv[0]);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        for (src = argv[i]; *src; src++) {
            if ((!iswalnum(*src)) && (*src != L'_')) {
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_VARCHAR, argv[0], *src);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    // The call to reader_readline may change woptind, so we save it away here.
    i = w.woptind;

    // Check if we should read interactively using \c reader_readline().
    if (isatty(0) && streams.stdin_fd == STDIN_FILENO && !split_null) {
        const wchar_t *line;

        reader_push(mode_name);
        reader_set_left_prompt(prompt);
        reader_set_right_prompt(right_prompt);
        if (shell) {
            reader_set_complete_function(&complete);
            reader_set_highlight_function(&highlight_shell);
            reader_set_test_function(&reader_shell_test);
        }
        // No autosuggestions or abbreviations in builtin_read.
        reader_set_allow_autosuggesting(false);
        reader_set_expand_abbreviations(false);
        reader_set_exit_on_interrupt(true);

        reader_set_buffer(commandline, wcslen(commandline));
        proc_push_interactive(1);

        event_fire_generic(L"fish_prompt");
        line = reader_readline(nchars);
        proc_pop_interactive();
        if (line) {
            if (0 < nchars && nchars < wcslen(line)) {
                // Line may be longer than nchars if a keybinding used `commandline -i`
                // note: we're deliberately throwing away the tail of the commandline.
                // It shouldn't be unread because it was produced with `commandline -i`,
                // not typed.
                buff = wcstring(line, nchars);
            } else {
                buff = wcstring(line);
            }
        } else {
            exit_res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
        reader_pop();
    } else {
        int eof = 0;

        buff.clear();

        while (1) {
            int finished = 0;
            wchar_t res = 0;
            mbstate_t state = {};

            while (!finished) {
                char b;
                if (read_blocked(streams.stdin_fd, &b, 1) <= 0) {
                    eof = 1;
                    break;
                }

                if (MB_CUR_MAX == 1)  // single-byte locale
                {
                    res = (unsigned char)b;
                    finished = 1;
                } else {
                    size_t sz = mbrtowc(&res, &b, 1, &state);
                    switch (sz) {
                        case (size_t)-1: {
                            memset(&state, 0, sizeof(state));
                            break;
                        }
                        case (size_t)-2: {
                            break;
                        }
                        default: {
                            finished = 1;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (eof) break;

            if (!split_null && res == L'\n') break;

            if (split_null && res == L'\0') break;

            buff.push_back(res);

            if (0 < nchars && (size_t)nchars <= buff.size()) {
                break;
            }
        }

        if (buff.empty() && eof) {
            exit_res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
    }

    if (i != argc && !exit_res) {
        env_var_t ifs = env_get_string(L"IFS");
        if (ifs.missing_or_empty()) {
            // Every character is a separate token.
            size_t bufflen = buff.size();
            if (array) {
                if (bufflen > 0) {
                    wcstring chars(bufflen + (bufflen - 1), ARRAY_SEP);
                    wcstring::iterator out = chars.begin();
                    for (wcstring::const_iterator it = buff.begin(), end = buff.end(); it != end;
                         ++it) {
                        *out = *it;
                        out += 2;
                    }
                    env_set(argv[i], chars.c_str(), place);
                } else {
                    env_set(argv[i], NULL, place);
                }
            } else {  // not array
                size_t j = 0;
                for (; i + 1 < argc; ++i) {
                    if (j < bufflen) {
                        wchar_t buffer[2] = {buff[j++], 0};
                        env_set(argv[i], buffer, place);
                    } else {
                        env_set(argv[i], L"", place);
                    }
                }
                if (i < argc) env_set(argv[i], &buff[j], place);
            }
        } else if (array) {
            wcstring tokens;
            tokens.reserve(buff.size());
            bool empty = true;

            for (wcstring_range loc = wcstring_tok(buff, ifs); loc.first != wcstring::npos;
                 loc = wcstring_tok(buff, ifs, loc)) {
                if (!empty) tokens.push_back(ARRAY_SEP);
                tokens.append(buff, loc.first, loc.second);
                empty = false;
            }
            env_set(argv[i], empty ? NULL : tokens.c_str(), place);
        } else {  // not array
            wcstring_range loc = wcstring_range(0, 0);

            while (i < argc) {
                loc = wcstring_tok(buff, (i + 1 < argc) ? ifs : wcstring(), loc);
                env_set(argv[i], loc.first == wcstring::npos ? L"" : &buff.c_str()[loc.first],
                        place);
                ++i;
            }
        }
    }

    return exit_res;
}

/// The status builtin. Gives various status information on fish.
static int builtin_status(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    enum {
        NORMAL,
        IS_SUBST,
        IS_BLOCK,
        IS_INTERACTIVE,
        IS_LOGIN,
        IS_FULL_JOB_CONTROL,
        IS_INTERACTIVE_JOB_CONTROL,
        IS_NO_JOB_CONTROL,
        STACK_TRACE,
        DONE,
        CURRENT_FILENAME,
        CURRENT_LINE_NUMBER
    };

    int mode = NORMAL;

    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;

    const struct woption long_options[] = {
        {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
        {L"is-command-substitution", no_argument, 0, 'c'},
        {L"is-block", no_argument, 0, 'b'},
        {L"is-interactive", no_argument, 0, 'i'},
        {L"is-login", no_argument, 0, 'l'},
        {L"is-full-job-control", no_argument, &mode, IS_FULL_JOB_CONTROL},
        {L"is-interactive-job-control", no_argument, &mode, IS_INTERACTIVE_JOB_CONTROL},
        {L"is-no-job-control", no_argument, &mode, IS_NO_JOB_CONTROL},
        {L"current-filename", no_argument, 0, 'f'},
        {L"current-line-number", no_argument, 0, 'n'},
        {L"job-control", required_argument, 0, 'j'},
        {L"print-stack-trace", no_argument, 0, 't'},
        {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L":cbilfnhj:t", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'c': {
                mode = IS_SUBST;
                break;
            }
            case 'b': {
                mode = IS_BLOCK;
                break;
            }
            case 'i': {
                mode = IS_INTERACTIVE;
                break;
            }
            case 'l': {
                mode = IS_LOGIN;
                break;
            }
            case 'f': {
                mode = CURRENT_FILENAME;
                break;
            }
            case 'n': {
                mode = CURRENT_LINE_NUMBER;
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case 'j': {
                if (wcscmp(w.woptarg, L"full") == 0)
                    job_control_mode = JOB_CONTROL_ALL;
                else if (wcscmp(w.woptarg, L"interactive") == 0)
                    job_control_mode = JOB_CONTROL_INTERACTIVE;
                else if (wcscmp(w.woptarg, L"none") == 0)
                    job_control_mode = JOB_CONTROL_NONE;
                else {
                    streams.err.append_format(L"%ls: Invalid job control mode '%ls'\n", L"status",
                                              w.woptarg);
                    res = 1;
                }
                mode = DONE;
                break;
            }
            case 't': {
                mode = STACK_TRACE;
                break;
            }
            case ':': {
                builtin_missing_argument(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!res) {
        switch (mode) {
            case CURRENT_FILENAME: {
                const wchar_t *fn = parser.current_filename();

                if (!fn) fn = _(L"Standard input");

                streams.out.append_format(L"%ls\n", fn);

                break;
            }
            case CURRENT_LINE_NUMBER: {
                streams.out.append_format(L"%d\n", parser.get_lineno());
                break;
            }
            case IS_INTERACTIVE: {
                return !is_interactive_session;
            }
            case IS_SUBST: {
                return !is_subshell;
            }
            case IS_BLOCK: {
                return !is_block;
            }
            case IS_LOGIN: {
                return !is_login;
            }
            case IS_FULL_JOB_CONTROL: {
                return job_control_mode != JOB_CONTROL_ALL;
            }
            case IS_INTERACTIVE_JOB_CONTROL: {
                return job_control_mode != JOB_CONTROL_INTERACTIVE;
            }
            case IS_NO_JOB_CONTROL: {
                return job_control_mode != JOB_CONTROL_NONE;
            }
            case STACK_TRACE: {
                streams.out.append(parser.stack_trace());
                break;
            }
            case NORMAL: {
                if (is_login)
                    streams.out.append_format(_(L"This is a login shell\n"));
                else
                    streams.out.append_format(_(L"This is not a login shell\n"));

                streams.out.append_format(
                    _(L"Job control: %ls\n"),
                    job_control_mode == JOB_CONTROL_INTERACTIVE
                        ? _(L"Only on interactive jobs")
                        : (job_control_mode == JOB_CONTROL_NONE ? _(L"Never") : _(L"Always")));
                streams.out.append(parser.stack_trace());
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    return res;
}

/// The exit builtin. Calls reader_exit to exit and returns the value specified.
static int builtin_exit(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    long ec = 0;
    switch (argc) {
        case 1: {
            ec = proc_get_last_status();
            break;
        }
        case 2: {
            wchar_t *end;
            ec = wcstol(argv[1], &end, 10);
            if (!(*argv[1] != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Argument '%ls' must be an integer\n"), argv[0],
                                          argv[1]);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            break;
        }
        default: {
            streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS, argv[0]);

            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
    }
    reader_exit(1, 0);
    return (int)ec;
}

/// The cd builtin. Changes the current directory to the one specified or to $HOME if none is
/// specified. The directory can be relative to any directory in the CDPATH variable.
/// The cd builtin. Changes the current directory to the one specified or to $HOME if none is
/// specified. The directory can be relative to any directory in the CDPATH variable.
static int builtin_cd(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    env_var_t dir_in;
    wcstring dir;
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;

    if (argv[1] == NULL) {
        dir_in = env_get_string(L"HOME");
        if (dir_in.missing_or_empty()) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Could not find home directory\n"), argv[0]);
        }
    } else {
        dir_in = env_var_t(argv[1]);
    }

    bool got_cd_path = false;
    if (!dir_in.missing()) {
        got_cd_path = path_get_cdpath(dir_in, &dir);
    }

    if (!got_cd_path) {
        if (errno == ENOTDIR) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is not a directory\n"), argv[0],
                                      dir_in.c_str());
        } else if (errno == ENOENT) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: The directory '%ls' does not exist\n"), argv[0],
                                      dir_in.c_str());
        } else if (errno == EROTTEN) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is a rotten symlink\n"), argv[0],
                                      dir_in.c_str());

        } else {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Unknown error trying to locate directory '%ls'\n"),
                                      argv[0], dir_in.c_str());
        }

        if (!shell_is_interactive()) {
            streams.err.append(parser.current_line());
        }

        res = 1;
    } else if (wchdir(dir) != 0) {
        struct stat buffer;
        int status = wstat(dir, &buffer);

        if (!status && S_ISDIR(buffer.st_mode)) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Permission denied: '%ls'\n"), argv[0], dir.c_str());

        } else {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is not a directory\n"), argv[0], dir.c_str());
        }

        if (!shell_is_interactive()) {
            streams.err.append(parser.current_line());
        }

        res = 1;
    } else if (!env_set_pwd()) {
        res = 1;
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Could not set PWD variable\n"), argv[0]);
    }

    return res;
}

/// Implementation of the builtin count command, used to count the number of arguments sent to it.
static int builtin_count(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int argc;
    argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    streams.out.append_format(L"%d\n", argc - 1);
    return !(argc - 1);
}

/// Implementation of the builtin contains command, used to check if a specified string is part of
/// a list.
static int builtin_contains(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wgetopter_t w;
    int argc;
    argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    wchar_t *needle;
    bool should_output_index = false;

    const struct woption long_options[] = {
        {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, {L"index", no_argument, 0, 'i'}, {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    while (1) {
        int opt_index = 0;

        int opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"+hi", long_options, &opt_index);
        if (opt == -1) break;

        switch (opt) {
            case 0: {
                assert(opt_index >= 0 &&
                       (size_t)opt_index < sizeof long_options / sizeof *long_options);
                if (long_options[opt_index].flag != 0) break;
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0],
                                          long_options[opt_index].name);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case ':': {
                builtin_missing_argument(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case '?': {
                builtin_unknown_option(parser, streams, argv[0], argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            case 'i': {
                should_output_index = true;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    needle = argv[w.woptind];
    if (!needle) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Key not specified\n"), argv[0]);
    } else {
        for (int i = w.woptind + 1; i < argc; i++) {
            if (!wcscmp(needle, argv[i])) {
                if (should_output_index) streams.out.append_format(L"%d\n", i - w.woptind);
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/// The  . (dot) builtin, sometimes called source. Evaluates the contents of a file.
static int builtin_source(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    ASSERT_IS_MAIN_THREAD();
    int fd;
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    struct stat buf;
    int argc;

    argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    const wchar_t *fn, *fn_intern;

    if (argc < 2 || (wcscmp(argv[1], L"-") == 0)) {
        fn = L"-";
        fn_intern = fn;
        fd = dup(streams.stdin_fd);
    } else {
        if ((fd = wopen_cloexec(argv[1], O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Error encountered while sourcing file '%ls':\n"),
                                      argv[0], argv[1]);
            builtin_wperror(L"source", streams);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &buf) == -1) {
            close(fd);
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Error encountered while sourcing file '%ls':\n"),
                                      argv[0], argv[1]);
            builtin_wperror(L"source", streams);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        if (!S_ISREG(buf.st_mode)) {
            close(fd);
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is not a file\n"), argv[0], argv[1]);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }

        fn_intern = intern(argv[1]);
    }

    parser.push_block(new source_block_t(fn_intern));
    reader_push_current_filename(fn_intern);

    env_set_argv(argc > 1 ? argv + 2 : argv + 1);

    res = reader_read(fd, streams.io_chain ? *streams.io_chain : io_chain_t());

    parser.pop_block();

    if (res) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Error while reading file '%ls'\n"), argv[0],
                                  fn_intern == intern_static(L"-") ? L"<stdin>" : fn_intern);
    } else {
        res = proc_get_last_status();
    }

    // Do not close fd after calling reader_read. reader_read automatically closes it before calling
    // eval.
    reader_pop_current_filename();

    return res;
}

/// Make the specified job the first job of the job list. Moving jobs around in the list makes the
/// list reflect the order in which the jobs were used.
static void make_first(job_t *j) { job_promote(j); }

/// Builtin for putting a job in the foreground.
static int builtin_fg(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    job_t *j = NULL;

    if (argv[1] == 0) {
        // Select last constructed job (I.e. first job in the job que) that is possible to put in
        // the foreground.
        job_iterator_t jobs;
        while ((j = jobs.next())) {
            if (job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONSTRUCTED) && (!job_is_completed(j)) &&
                ((job_is_stopped(j) || (!job_get_flag(j, JOB_FOREGROUND))) &&
                 job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONTROL))) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!j) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: There are no suitable jobs\n"), argv[0]);
        }
    } else if (argv[2] != 0) {
        // Specifying more than one job to put to the foreground is a syntax error, we still
        // try to locate the job argv[1], since we want to know if this is an ambigous job
        // specification or if this is an malformed job id.
        wchar_t *endptr;
        bool found_job = false;

        pid_t pid = wcstoimax(argv[1], &endptr, 10);
        if (pid >= 1 || (*argv[1] != L'\0' && *endptr == L'\0')) {
            j = job_get_from_pid(pid);
            if (j) found_job = true;
        }

        if (found_job) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Ambiguous job\n"), argv[0]);
        } else {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is not a job\n"), argv[0], argv[1]);
        }

        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);

        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;

    } else {
        wchar_t *end;
        pid_t pid = wcstoimax(argv[1], &end, 10);
        if (pid < 1 || !(*argv[1] != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
            streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_NOT_NUMBER, argv[0], argv[1]);
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
        } else {
            j = job_get_from_pid(pid);
            if (!j || !job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONSTRUCTED) || job_is_completed(j)) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: No suitable job: %d\n"), argv[0], pid);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            if (!job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONTROL)) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Can't put job %d, '%ls' to foreground because "
                                            L"it is not under job control\n"),
                                          argv[0], pid, j->command_wcstr());
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    if (j) {
        if (streams.err_is_redirected) {
            streams.err.append_format(FG_MSG, j->job_id, j->command_wcstr());
        } else {
            // If we aren't redirecting, send output to real stderr, since stuff in sb_err won't get
            // printed until the command finishes.
            fwprintf(stderr, FG_MSG, j->job_id, j->command_wcstr());
        }

        const wcstring ft = tok_first(j->command());
        if (!ft.empty()) env_set(L"_", ft.c_str(), ENV_EXPORT);
        reader_write_title(j->command());

        make_first(j);
        job_set_flag(j, JOB_FOREGROUND, 1);

        job_continue(j, job_is_stopped(j));
    }
    return j ? STATUS_BUILTIN_OK : STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
}

/// Helper function for builtin_bg().
static int send_to_bg(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, job_t *j, const wchar_t *name) {
    if (j == 0) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Unknown job '%ls'\n"), L"bg", name);
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, L"bg", streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    } else if (!job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONTROL)) {
        streams.err.append_format(
            _(L"%ls: Can't put job %d, '%ls' to background because it is not under job control\n"),
            L"bg", j->job_id, j->command_wcstr());
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, L"bg", streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    streams.err.append_format(_(L"Send job %d '%ls' to background\n"), j->job_id,
                              j->command_wcstr());
    make_first(j);
    job_set_flag(j, JOB_FOREGROUND, 0);
    job_continue(j, job_is_stopped(j));
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// Builtin for putting a job in the background.
static int builtin_bg(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int res = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;

    if (argv[1] == 0) {
        job_t *j;
        job_iterator_t jobs;
        while ((j = jobs.next())) {
            if (job_is_stopped(j) && job_get_flag(j, JOB_CONTROL) && (!job_is_completed(j))) {
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!j) {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: There are no suitable jobs\n"), argv[0]);
            res = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        } else {
            res = send_to_bg(parser, streams, j, _(L"(default)"));
        }
    } else {
        wchar_t *end;
        for (int i = 1; argv[i]; i++) {
            pid_t pid = wcstoimax(argv[i], &end, 10);
            if (pid < 1 || !(*argv[i] != L'\0' && *end == L'\0') || !job_get_from_pid(pid)) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: '%ls' is not a job\n"), argv[0], argv[i]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            res |= send_to_bg(parser, streams, job_get_from_pid(pid), *argv);
        }
    }

    return res;
}

/// This function handles both the 'continue' and the 'break' builtins that are used for loop
/// control.
static int builtin_break_continue(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int is_break = (wcscmp(argv[0], L"break") == 0);
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    if (argc != 1) {
        streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, argv[0], argv[1]);

        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    // Find the index of the enclosing for or while loop. Recall that incrementing loop_idx goes
    // 'up' to outer blocks.
    size_t loop_idx;
    for (loop_idx = 0; loop_idx < parser.block_count(); loop_idx++) {
        const block_t *b = parser.block_at_index(loop_idx);
        if (b->type() == WHILE || b->type() == FOR) break;
    }

    if (loop_idx >= parser.block_count()) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Not inside of loop\n"), argv[0]);
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    // Skip blocks interior to the loop.
    size_t block_idx = loop_idx;
    while (block_idx--) {
        parser.block_at_index(block_idx)->skip = true;
    }

    /* Skip the loop itself */
    block_t *loop_block = parser.block_at_index(loop_idx);
    loop_block->skip = true;
    loop_block->loop_status = is_break ? LOOP_BREAK : LOOP_CONTINUE;
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

/// Implementation of the builtin breakpoint command, used to launch the interactive debugger.
static int builtin_breakpoint(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    parser.push_block(new breakpoint_block_t());

    reader_read(STDIN_FILENO, streams.io_chain ? *streams.io_chain : io_chain_t());

    parser.pop_block();

    return proc_get_last_status();
}

/// Function for handling the \c return builtin.
static int builtin_return(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    int status = proc_get_last_status();

    switch (argc) {
        case 1: {
            break;
        }
        case 2: {
            wchar_t *end;
            status = wcstoimax(argv[1], &end, 10);
            if (!(*argv[1] != L'\0' && *end == L'\0')) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Argument '%ls' must be an integer\n"), argv[0],
                                          argv[1]);
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            break;
        }
        default: {
            streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Too many arguments\n"), argv[0]);
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
        }
    }

    // Find the function block.
    size_t function_block_idx;
    for (function_block_idx = 0; function_block_idx < parser.block_count(); function_block_idx++) {
        const block_t *b = parser.block_at_index(function_block_idx);
        if (b->type() == FUNCTION_CALL || b->type() == FUNCTION_CALL_NO_SHADOW) break;
    }

    if (function_block_idx >= parser.block_count()) {
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Not inside of function\n"), argv[0]);
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.err);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    // Skip everything up to (and then including) the function block.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < function_block_idx; i++) {
        block_t *b = parser.block_at_index(i);
        b->skip = true;
    }
    parser.block_at_index(function_block_idx)->skip = true;
    return status;
}

enum hist_cmd_t { HIST_NOOP, HIST_SEARCH, HIST_DELETE, HIST_CLEAR, HIST_MERGE, HIST_SAVE };

static const wcstring hist_cmd_to_string(hist_cmd_t hist_cmd) {
    switch (hist_cmd) {
        case HIST_NOOP:
            return L"no-op";
        case HIST_SEARCH:
            return L"search";
        case HIST_DELETE:
            return L"delete";
        case HIST_CLEAR:
            return L"clear";
        case HIST_MERGE:
            return L"merge";
        case HIST_SAVE:
            return L"save";
        default:
            assert(0 && "Unhandled hist_cmd_t constant!");
            abort();
    }
}

/// Remember the history subcommand and disallow selecting more than one history subcommand.
static bool set_hist_cmd(wchar_t *const cmd, hist_cmd_t *hist_cmd, hist_cmd_t sub_cmd,
                         io_streams_t &streams) {
    if (*hist_cmd != HIST_NOOP) {
        wchar_t err_text[1024];
        swprintf(err_text, sizeof(err_text) / sizeof(wchar_t),
                 _(L"You cannot do both '%ls' and '%ls' in the same '%ls' invocation\n"),
                 hist_cmd_to_string(*hist_cmd).c_str(), hist_cmd_to_string(sub_cmd).c_str(), cmd);
        streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_COMBO2, cmd, err_text);
        return false;
    }

    *hist_cmd = sub_cmd;
    return true;
}

#define CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_OPTIONS(hist_cmd)                                             \
    if (history_search_type_defined || with_time) {                                             \
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"history: you cannot use any options with %ls command\n"), \
                                  hist_cmd_to_string(hist_cmd).c_str());                        \
        status = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;                                                          \
        break;                                                                                  \
    }

#define CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_ARGS(hist_cmd)                                         \
    if (args.size() != 0) {                                                              \
        streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_ARG_COUNT, cmd,                            \
                                  hist_cmd_to_string(hist_cmd).c_str(), 0, args.size()); \
        status = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;                                                   \
        break;                                                                           \
    }

/// Manipulate history of interactive commands executed by the user.
static int builtin_history(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    wchar_t *cmd = argv[0];
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);
    hist_cmd_t hist_cmd = HIST_NOOP;
    history_search_type_t search_type = (history_search_type_t)-1;
    bool history_search_type_defined = false;
    bool with_time = false;

    static const struct woption long_options[] = {{L"delete", no_argument, 0, 'd'},
                                                  {L"search", no_argument, 0, 's'},
                                                  {L"prefix", no_argument, 0, 'p'},
                                                  {L"contains", no_argument, 0, 'c'},
                                                  {L"save", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
                                                  {L"clear", no_argument, 0, 'l'},
                                                  {L"merge", no_argument, 0, 'm'},
                                                  {L"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
                                                  {L"with-time", no_argument, 0, 't'},
                                                  {L"exact", no_argument, 0, 'e'},
                                                  {0, 0, 0, 0}};

    history_t *history = reader_get_history();
    // Use the default history if we have none (which happens if invoked non-interactively, e.g.
    // from webconfig.py.
    if (!history) history = &history_t::history_with_name(L"fish");

    int opt = 0;
    int opt_index = 0;
    wgetopter_t w;
    while ((opt = w.wgetopt_long(argc, argv, L"+despcvlmht", long_options, &opt_index)) != EOF) {
        switch (opt) {
            case 's': {
                if (!set_hist_cmd(cmd, &hist_cmd, HIST_SEARCH, streams)) {
                    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'm': {
                if (!set_hist_cmd(cmd, &hist_cmd, HIST_MERGE, streams)) {
                    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'v': {
                if (!set_hist_cmd(cmd, &hist_cmd, HIST_SAVE, streams)) {
                    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'd': {
                if (!set_hist_cmd(cmd, &hist_cmd, HIST_DELETE, streams)) {
                    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'l': {
                if (!set_hist_cmd(cmd, &hist_cmd, HIST_CLEAR, streams)) {
                    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'p': {
                search_type = HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_PREFIX;
                history_search_type_defined = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'c': {
                search_type = HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_CONTAINS;
                history_search_type_defined = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'e': {
                search_type = HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_EXACT;
                history_search_type_defined = true;
                break;
            }
            case 't': {
                with_time = true;
                break;
            }
            case 'h': {
                builtin_print_help(parser, streams, cmd, streams.out);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
            }
            case '?': {
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, cmd, argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            default: {
                streams.err.append_format(BUILTIN_ERR_UNKNOWN, cmd, argv[w.woptind - 1]);
                return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    // Everything after the flags is an argument for a subcommand (e.g., a search term).
    const wcstring_list_t args(argv + w.woptind, argv + argc);

    // Establish appropriate defaults for unspecified options.
    if (hist_cmd == HIST_NOOP) hist_cmd = HIST_SEARCH;
    if (!history_search_type_defined) {
        if (hist_cmd == HIST_SEARCH) search_type = HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_CONTAINS;
        if (hist_cmd == HIST_DELETE) search_type = HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_EXACT;
    }

    int status = STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
    switch (hist_cmd) {
        case HIST_SEARCH: {
            if (!history->search(search_type, args, with_time, streams)) {
                status = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
            }
            break;
        }
        case HIST_DELETE: {
            // TODO: Move this code to the history module and support the other search types. At
            // this time we expect the non-exact deletions to be handled only by the history
            // function's interactive delete feature.
            if (search_type != HISTORY_SEARCH_TYPE_EXACT) {
                streams.err.append_format(_(L"builtin history --delete only supports --exact\n"));
                status = STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
                break;
            }
            for (wcstring_list_t::const_iterator iter = args.begin(); iter != args.end(); ++iter) {
                wcstring delete_string = *iter;
                if (delete_string[0] == '"' && delete_string[delete_string.length() - 1] == '"') {
                    delete_string = delete_string.substr(1, delete_string.length() - 2);
                }
                history->remove(delete_string);
            }
            break;
        }
        case HIST_CLEAR: {
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_OPTIONS(hist_cmd)
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_ARGS(hist_cmd)
            history->clear();
            history->save();
            break;
        }
        case HIST_MERGE: {
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_OPTIONS(hist_cmd)
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_ARGS(hist_cmd)
            history->incorporate_external_changes();
            break;
        }
        case HIST_SAVE: {
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_OPTIONS(hist_cmd)
            CHECK_FOR_UNEXPECTED_HIST_ARGS(hist_cmd)
            history->save();
            break;
        }
        case HIST_NOOP: {
            DIE("Unexpected HIST_NOOP seen");
            break;
        }
    }

    return status;
}

#if 0
// Disabled for the 2.2.0 release: https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/issues/1809.
int builtin_parse(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv)
{
    struct sigaction act;
    sigemptyset(& act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_flags=0;
    act.sa_handler=SIG_DFL;
    sigaction(SIGINT, &act, 0);

    std::vector<char> txt;
    for (;;)
    {
        char buff[256];
        ssize_t amt = read_loop(streams.stdin_fd, buff, sizeof buff);
        if (amt <= 0) break;
        txt.insert(txt.end(), buff, buff + amt);
    }
    if (! txt.empty())
    {
        const wcstring src = str2wcstring(&txt.at(0), txt.size());
        parse_node_tree_t parse_tree;
        parse_error_list_t errors;
        bool success = parse_tree_from_string(src, parse_flag_include_comments, &parse_tree, &errors);
        if (! success)
        {
            streams.out.append(L"Parsing failed:\n");
            for (size_t i=0; i < errors.size(); i++)
            {
                streams.out.append(errors.at(i).describe(src));
                streams.out.push_back(L'\n');
            }

            streams.out.append(L"(Reparsed with continue after error)\n");
            parse_tree.clear();
            errors.clear();
            parse_tree_from_string(src, parse_flag_continue_after_error | parse_flag_include_comments, &parse_tree, &errors);
        }
        const wcstring dump = parse_dump_tree(parse_tree, src);
        streams.out.append(dump);
    }
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}
#endif

int builtin_true(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

int builtin_false(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
}

/// An implementation of the external realpath command that doesn't support any options. It's meant
/// to be used only by scripts which need to be portable. In general scripts shouldn't invoke this
/// directly. They should just use `realpath` which will fallback to this builtin if an external
/// command cannot be found. This behaves like the external `realpath --canonicalize-existing`;
/// that is, it requires all path components, including the final, to exist.
int builtin_fish_realpath(parser_t &parser, io_streams_t &streams, wchar_t **argv) {
    int argc = builtin_count_args(argv);

    if (argc != 2) {
        builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }

    wchar_t *real_path = wrealpath(argv[1], NULL);
    if (real_path) {
        // Yay! We could resolve the path.
        streams.out.append(real_path);
        free((void *)real_path);
    } else {
        // We don't actually know why it failed. We should check errno
        streams.err.append_format(_(L"%ls: Invalid path: %ls\n"), argv[0], argv[1]);
        return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
    }
    streams.out.append(L"\n");
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
}

// END OF BUILTIN COMMANDS
// Below are functions for handling the builtin commands.
// THESE MUST BE SORTED BY NAME! Completion lookup uses binary search.

// Data about all the builtin commands in fish.
// Functions that are bound to builtin_generic are handled directly by the parser.
// NOTE: These must be kept in sorted order!
static const builtin_data_t builtin_datas[] = {
    {L"[", &builtin_test, N_(L"Test a condition")},
#if 0
    // Disabled for the 2.2.0 release: https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/issues/1809.
    {       L"__fish_parse",  &builtin_parse, N_(L"Try out the new parser")  },
#endif
    {L"and", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Execute command if previous command suceeded")},
    {L"begin", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Create a block of code")},
    {L"bg", &builtin_bg, N_(L"Send job to background")},
    {L"bind", &builtin_bind, N_(L"Handle fish key bindings")},
    {L"block", &builtin_block, N_(L"Temporarily block delivery of events")},
    {L"break", &builtin_break_continue, N_(L"Stop the innermost loop")},
    {L"breakpoint", &builtin_breakpoint,
     N_(L"Temporarily halt execution of a script and launch an interactive debug prompt")},
    {L"builtin", &builtin_builtin, N_(L"Run a builtin command instead of a function")},
    {L"case", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Conditionally execute a block of commands")},
    {L"cd", &builtin_cd, N_(L"Change working directory")},
    {L"command", &builtin_command, N_(L"Run a program instead of a function or builtin")},
    {L"commandline", &builtin_commandline, N_(L"Set or get the commandline")},
    {L"complete", &builtin_complete, N_(L"Edit command specific completions")},
    {L"contains", &builtin_contains, N_(L"Search for a specified string in a list")},
    {L"continue", &builtin_break_continue,
     N_(L"Skip the rest of the current lap of the innermost loop")},
    {L"count", &builtin_count, N_(L"Count the number of arguments")},
    {L"echo", &builtin_echo, N_(L"Print arguments")},
    {L"else", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Evaluate block if condition is false")},
    {L"emit", &builtin_emit, N_(L"Emit an event")},
    {L"end", &builtin_generic, N_(L"End a block of commands")},
    {L"exec", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Run command in current process")},
    {L"exit", &builtin_exit, N_(L"Exit the shell")},
    {L"false", &builtin_false, N_(L"Return an unsuccessful result")},
    {L"fg", &builtin_fg, N_(L"Send job to foreground")},
    {L"fish_realpath", &builtin_fish_realpath,
     N_(L"Convert path to absolute path without symlinks")},
    {L"for", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Perform a set of commands multiple times")},
    {L"function", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Define a new function")},
    {L"functions", &builtin_functions, N_(L"List or remove functions")},
    {L"history", &builtin_history, N_(L"History of commands executed by user")},
    {L"if", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Evaluate block if condition is true")},
    {L"jobs", &builtin_jobs, N_(L"Print currently running jobs")},
    {L"not", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Negate exit status of job")},
    {L"or", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Execute command if previous command failed")},
    {L"printf", &builtin_printf, N_(L"Prints formatted text")},
    {L"pwd", &builtin_pwd, N_(L"Print the working directory")},
    {L"random", &builtin_random, N_(L"Generate random number")},
    {L"read", &builtin_read, N_(L"Read a line of input into variables")},
    {L"return", &builtin_return, N_(L"Stop the currently evaluated function")},
    {L"set", &builtin_set, N_(L"Handle environment variables")},
    {L"set_color", &builtin_set_color, N_(L"Set the terminal color")},
    {L"source", &builtin_source, N_(L"Evaluate contents of file")},
    {L"status", &builtin_status, N_(L"Return status information about fish")},
    {L"string", &builtin_string, N_(L"Manipulate strings")},
    {L"switch", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Conditionally execute a block of commands")},
    {L"test", &builtin_test, N_(L"Test a condition")},
    {L"true", &builtin_true, N_(L"Return a successful result")},
    {L"ulimit", &builtin_ulimit, N_(L"Set or get the shells resource usage limits")},
    {L"while", &builtin_generic, N_(L"Perform a command multiple times")}};

#define BUILTIN_COUNT (sizeof builtin_datas / sizeof *builtin_datas)

/// Look up a builtin_data_t for a specified builtin
///
/// @param  name
///    Name of the builtin
///
/// @return
///    Pointer to a builtin_data_t
///
static const builtin_data_t *builtin_lookup(const wcstring &name) {
    const builtin_data_t *array_end = builtin_datas + BUILTIN_COUNT;
    const builtin_data_t *found = std::lower_bound(builtin_datas, array_end, name);
    if (found != array_end && name == found->name) {
        return found;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/// Initialize builtin data.
void builtin_init() {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < BUILTIN_COUNT; i++) {
        intern_static(builtin_datas[i].name);
    }
}

/// Destroy builtin data.
void builtin_destroy() {}

/// Is there a builtin command with the given name?
bool builtin_exists(const wcstring &cmd) { return !!builtin_lookup(cmd); }

/// If builtin takes care of printing help itself
static bool builtin_handles_help(const wchar_t *cmd) {
    CHECK(cmd, 0);
    return contains(cmd, L"for", L"while", L"function", L"if", L"end", L"switch", L"case", L"count",
                    L"printf");
}

/// Execute a builtin command
int builtin_run(parser_t &parser, const wchar_t *const *argv, io_streams_t &streams) {
    int (*cmd)(parser_t & parser, io_streams_t & streams, const wchar_t *const *argv) = NULL;
    if (argv == NULL || argv[0] == NULL) return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;

    const builtin_data_t *data = builtin_lookup(argv[0]);
    cmd = (int (*)(parser_t & parser, io_streams_t & streams, const wchar_t *const *))(
        data ? data->func : NULL);

    if (argv[1] != NULL && !builtin_handles_help(argv[0])) {
        if (argv[2] == NULL && (parse_util_argument_is_help(argv[1], 0))) {
            builtin_print_help(parser, streams, argv[0], streams.out);
            return STATUS_BUILTIN_OK;
        }
    }

    if (data != NULL) {
        return cmd(parser, streams, argv);
    }

    debug(0, UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_ERR_MSG, argv[0]);
    return STATUS_BUILTIN_ERROR;
}

/// Returns a list of all builtin names.
wcstring_list_t builtin_get_names(void) {
    wcstring_list_t result;
    result.reserve(BUILTIN_COUNT);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < BUILTIN_COUNT; i++) {
        result.push_back(builtin_datas[i].name);
    }
    return result;
}

/// Insert all builtin names into list.
void builtin_get_names(std::vector<completion_t> *list) {
    assert(list != NULL);
    list->reserve(list->size() + BUILTIN_COUNT);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < BUILTIN_COUNT; i++) {
        append_completion(list, builtin_datas[i].name);
    }
}

/// Return a one-line description of the specified builtin.
wcstring builtin_get_desc(const wcstring &name) {
    wcstring result;
    const builtin_data_t *builtin = builtin_lookup(name);
    if (builtin) {
        result = _(builtin->desc);
    }
    return result;
}