dioxus/notes/README.md

<div align="center">
  <h1>🌗🚀 Dioxus</h1>
  <p>
    <strong>A concurrent, functional, virtual DOM for Rust</strong>
  </p>
</div>

# Resources

This overview provides a brief introduction to Dioxus. For a more in-depth guide, make sure to check out:

- [Getting Started](https://dioxuslabs.com/guide/setup.html)
- [Book](https://dioxuslabs.com/guide/)
- [Reference](https://dioxuslabs.com/reference)
- [Examples](https://github.com/DioxusLabs/example-projects)

# Overview and Goals

Dioxus makes it easy to quickly build complex user interfaces with Rust. Any Dioxus app can run in the web browser,
as a desktop app, as a mobile app, or anywhere else provided you build the right renderer.

Dioxus is heavily inspired by React, supporting many of the same concepts:

- Hooks for state
- VirtualDom & diffing
- Concurrency, fibers, and asynchronous rendering
- JSX-like templating syntax

If you know React, then you know Dioxus.

Dioxus is *substantially* more performant than many of the other Rust UI libraries (Yew/Percy) and is *significantly* more performant
than React - roughly competitive with InfernoJS.

Remember: Dioxus is a library for declaring interactive user interfaces - it is not a dedicated renderer. Most 1st party renderers for Dioxus currently only support web technologies.

## Brief Overview

All Dioxus apps are built by composing functions that take in a `Scope` which is generic over some `Properties` and return an `Element`.
A `Scope` holds relevant state data for the currently-rendered component.

To launch an app, we use the `launch` method for the specific renderer we want to use. In the launch function, we pass the app's `Component`.

```rust, ignore
use dioxus::prelude::*;

fn main() {
    dioxus_desktop::launch(app);
}

fn app(cx: Scope) -> Element {
    cx.render(rsx!("hello world!"))
}
```

## Elements & your first component

To assemble UI trees with Dioxus, you need to use the `render` function on
something called `LazyNodes`. To produce `LazyNodes`, you can use the `rsx!`
macro or the NodeFactory API. For the most part, you want to use the `rsx!`
macro.

Any element in `rsx!` can have attributes, listeners, and children. For
consistency, we force all attributes and listeners to be listed *before*
children.

```rust, ignore
let value = "123";

rsx!(
    div {
        class: "my-class {value}",                  // <--- attribute
        onclick: move |_| log::info!("clicked!"),   // <--- listener
        h1 { "hello world" },                       // <--- child
    }
)
```

The `rsx!` macro accepts attributes in "struct form" and will parse the rest
of the body as child elements and rust expressions. Any rust expression that
implements `IntoIterator<Item = impl IntoVNode>` will be parsed as a child.

```rust, ignore
rsx!(
    div {
        (0..10).map(|_| rsx!(span { "hello world" }))
    }
)

```

Used within components, the `rsx!` macro must be rendered into an `Element` with
the `render` function on Scope.

If we want to omit the boilerplate of `cx.render`, we can simply pass in
`cx` as the first argument of rsx. This is sometimes useful when we need to
render nodes in match statements.

```rust, ignore
fn example(cx: Scope) -> Element {

    // both of these are equivalent
    cx.render(rsx!("hello world"))

    rsx!(cx, "hello world!")
}
```

Putting everything together, we can write a simple component that renders a list of
elements:

```rust, ignore
fn app(cx: Scope) -> Element {
    let name = "dave";
    cx.render(rsx!(
        h1 { "Hello, {name}!" }
        div {
            class: "my-class",
            id: "my-id",

            (0..5).map(|i| rsx!(
                div { key: "{i}"
                    "FizzBuzz: {i}"
                }
            ))

        }
    ))
}
```

## Components

We can compose these function components to build a complex app. Each new
component we design must take some Properties. For components with no explicit
properties, we can use the `()` type or simply omit the type altogether.

In Dioxus, all properties are memoized by default!

```rust, ignore
fn App(cx: Scope) -> Element {
    cx.render(rsx!(
        Header {
            title: "My App",
            color: "red",
        }
    ))
}
```

Our `Header` component takes a `title` and a `color` property, which we
declare on an explicit `HeaderProps` struct.

```rust, ignore
// The `Props` derive macro lets us add additional functionality to how props are interpreted.
#[derive(Props, PartialEq)]
struct HeaderProps {
    title: String,
    color: String,
}

fn Header(cx: Scope<HeaderProps>) -> Element {
    cx.render(rsx!(
        div {
            background_color: "{cx.props.color}"
            h1 { "{cx.props.title}" }
        }
    ))
}
```

Components may use the `inline_props` macro to completely inline the props
definition into the function arguments.

```rust, ignore
#[inline_props]
fn Header(cx: Scope, title: String, color: String) -> Element {
    cx.render(rsx!(
        div {
            background_color: "{color}"
            h1 { "{title}" }
        }
    ))
}
```

Components may also borrow data from their parent component. We just need to
attach some lifetimes to the props struct.
> Note: we don't need to derive `PartialEq` for borrowed props since they cannot be memoized.

```rust, ignore
#[derive(Props)]
struct HeaderProps<'a> {
    title: &'a str,
    color: &'a str,
}

fn Header<'a>(cx: Scope<'a, HeaderProps<'a>>) -> Element {
    cx.render(rsx!(
        div {
            background_color: "{cx.props.color}"
            h1 { "{cx.props.title}" }
        }
    ))
}
```

Components that begin with an uppercase letter may be called with
the traditional (for React) curly-brace syntax like so:

```rust, ignore
rsx!(
    Header { title: "My App" }
)
```

Alternatively, if your components begin with a lowercase letter, you can use
the function call syntax:

```rust, ignore
rsx!(
    header( title: "My App" )
)
```

## Hooks

While components are reusable forms of UI elements, hooks are reusable forms
of logic. Hooks provide us a way of retrieving state from the `Scope` and using
it to render UI elements.

By convention, all hooks are functions that should start with `use_`. We can
use hooks to define state and modify it from within listeners.

```rust, ignore
fn app(cx: Scope) -> Element {
    let name = use_state(&cx, || "world");

    rsx!(cx, "hello {name}!")
}
```

Hooks are sensitive to how they are used. To use hooks, you must abide by the
["rules of hooks" (borrowed from react)](https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-rules.html):
- Functions with "use_" should not be called in callbacks
- Functions with "use_" should not be called out of order
- Functions with "use_" should not be called in loops or conditionals

In a sense, hooks let us add a field of state to our component without declaring
an explicit state struct. However, this means we need to "load" the struct in the right
order. If that order is wrong, then the hook will pick the wrong state and panic.

Most hooks you'll write are simply composition of other hooks:

```rust, ignore
fn use_username(cx: &ScopeState, id: Uuid) -> bool {
    let users = use_context::<Users>(cx);
    users.get(&id).map(|user| user.logged_in).ok_or(false)
}
```

To create entirely new foundational hooks, we can use the `use_hook` method on `ScopeState`.

```rust, ignore
fn use_mut_string(cx: &ScopeState) -> &mut String {
    cx.use_hook(|_| "Hello".to_string())
}
```

If you want to extend Dioxus with some new functionality, you'll probably want to implement a new hook from scratch.

## Putting it all together

Using components, templates, and hooks, we can build a simple app.

```rust, ignore
use dioxus::prelude::*;

fn main() {
    dioxus_desktop::launch(App);
}

fn App(cx: Scope) -> Element {
    let count = use_state(&cx, || 0);

    cx.render(rsx!(
        div { "Count: {count}" }
        button { onclick: move |_| count.set(count + 1), "Increment" }
        button { onclick: move |_| count.set(count - 1), "Decrement" }
    ))
}
```

## Features

This overview doesn't cover everything. Make sure to check out the tutorial and reference guide on the official
website for more details.

Beyond this overview, Dioxus supports:
- Server-side rendering
- Concurrent rendering (with async support)
- Web/Desktop/Mobile support
- Pre-rendering and rehydration
- Fragments, Portals, and Suspense
- Inline-styles
- Custom event handlers
- Custom elements
- Basic fine-grained reactivity (IE SolidJS/Svelte)
- and more!

Good luck!

## Inspiration, Resources, Alternatives and Credits

Dioxus is inspired by:
- React: for its hooks, concurrency, suspense
- Dodrio: for its research in bump allocation, double buffering, and diffing architecture

Alternatives to Dioxus include:
- Yew: supports function components and web, but no SSR, borrowed data, or bump allocation. Rather slow at times.
- Percy: supports function components, web, ssr, but lacks state management
- Sycamore: supports function components, web, ssr, but closer to SolidJS than React
- MoonZoom/Seed: opinionated frameworks based on the Elm model (message, update) - no hooks

We've put a lot of work into making Dioxus ergonomic and *familiar*.
Our target audience is TypeScript developers looking to switch to Rust for the web - so we need to be comparable to React.