clap/examples/derive_ref

Derive Reference

1. Overview
2. Raw Attributes
3. Magic Attributes
   1. Command Attributes
   2. Arg Attributes
   3. Arg Types
   4. Arg Enum Attributes
   5. Possible Value Attributes
   6. Doc Comments
4. Tips

Overview

To derive clap types, you need to enable the derive feature flag.

See demo.rs and demo.md for a brief example.

Let's start by breaking down the anatomy of the derive attributes:

use clap::{Parser, Args, Subcommand, ArgEnum};

/// Doc comment
#[derive(Parser)]
#[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
struct Cli {
    /// Doc comment
    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
    field: Type,

    #[clap(flatten)]
    delegate: Struct,

    #[clap(subcommand)]
    command: Command,
}

/// Doc comment
#[derive(Args)]
#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
struct Struct { 
    /// Doc comment
    #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
    field: Type,
}

/// Doc comment
#[derive(Subcommand)]
#[clap(PARENT APP ATTRIBUTE)]
enum Command {
    /// Doc comment
    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
    Variant1(Struct),

    /// Doc comment
    #[clap(APP ATTRIBUTE)]
    Variant2 {
        /// Doc comment
        #[clap(ARG ATTRIBUTE)]
        field: Type,
    }
}

/// Doc comment
#[derive(ArgEnum)]
#[clap(ARG ENUM ATTRIBUTE)]
enum Mode {
    /// Doc comment
    #[clap(POSSIBLE VALUE ATTRIBUTE)]
    Variant1,
}

fn main() {
    let cli = Cli::parse();
}

• Parser parses arguments into a struct (arguments) or enum (subcommands).
• Args allows defining a set of re-usable arguments that get merged into their parent container.
• Subcommand defines available subcommands.
  • Subcommand arguments can be defined in a struct-variant or automatically flattened with a tuple-variant.
• ArgEnum allows parsing a value directly into an enum, erroring on unsupported values.

See also the tutorial and examples.

Raw Attributes

Raw attributes are forwarded directly to the underlying clap builder. Any Command, Arg, or PossibleValue method can be used as an attribute.

Raw attributes come in two different syntaxes:

#[clap(
    global = true, // name = arg form, neat for one-arg methods
    required_if_eq("out", "file") // name(arg1, arg2, ...) form.
)]

• method = arg can only be used for methods which take only one argument.
• method(arg1, arg2) can be used with any method.

As long as method_name is not one of the magical methods - it will be translated into a mere method call.

Magic Attributes

Magic attributes have post-processing done to them, whether that is

• Providing of defaults
• Special behavior is triggered off of it

Command Attributes

These correspond to a clap::Command which is used for both top-level parsers and when defining subcommands.

In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:

• name = <expr>: clap::Command::name
  • When not present: crate name (Parser container), variant name (Subcommand variant)
• version [= <expr>]: clap::Command::version
  • When not present: no version set
  • Without <expr>: defaults to crate version
• author [= <expr>]: clap::Command::author
  • When not present: no author set
  • Without <expr>: defaults to crate authors
• about [= <expr>]: clap::Command::about
  • When not present: Doc comment summary
  • Without <expr>: crate description (Parser container)
    • TIP: When a doc comment is also present, you most likely want to add #[clap(long_about = None)] to clear the doc comment so only about gets shown with both -h and --help.
• long_about = <expr>: clap::Command::long_about
  • When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
• verbatim_doc_comment: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to about / long_about
• next_display_order: clap::Command::next_display_order
• next_help_heading: clap::Command::next_help_heading
  • When flattening Args, this is scoped to just the args in this struct and any struct flattened into it
• rename_all = <expr>: Override default field / variant name case conversion for Command::name / Arg::name
  • When not present: kebab-case
  • Available values: camelCase, kebab-case, PascalCase, SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE, snake_case, lower, UPPER, verbatim
• rename_all_env = <expr>: Override default field name case conversion for env variables for clap::Arg::env
  • When not present: SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
  • Available values: camelCase, kebab-case, PascalCase, SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE, snake_case, lower, UPPER, verbatim

And for Subcommand variants:

• skip: Ignore this variant
• flatten: Delegates to the variant for more subcommands (must implement Subcommand)
• subcommand: Nest subcommands under the current set of subcommands (must implement Subcommand)
• external_subcommand: clap::Command::allow_external_subcommand(true)
  • Variant must be either Variant(Vec<String>) or Variant(Vec<OsString>)

Arg Attributes

These correspond to a clap::Arg.

In addition to the raw attributes, the following magic attributes are supported:

• name = <expr>: clap::Arg::new
  • When not present: case-converted field name is used
• help = <expr>: clap::Arg::help
  • When not present: Doc comment summary
• long_help = <expr>: clap::Arg::long_help
  • When not present: Doc comment if there is a blank line, else nothing
• verbatim_doc_comment: Minimizes pre-processing when converting doc comments to help / long_help
• short [= <char>]: clap::Arg::short
  • When not present: no short set
  • Without <char>: defaults to first character in the case-converted field name
• long [= <str>]: clap::Arg::long
  • When not present: no long set
  • Without <str>: defaults to the case-converted field name
• env [= <str>]: clap::Arg::env
  • When not present: no env set
  • Without <str>: defaults to the case-converted field name
• flatten: Delegates to the field for more arguments (must implement Args)
  • Only help_heading can be used with flatten. See clap-rs/clap#3269 for why arg attributes are not generally supported.
  • Tip: Though we do apply a flattened Args's Parent Command Attributes, this makes reuse harder. Generally prefer putting the cmd attributes on the Parser or on the flattened field.
• subcommand: Delegates definition of subcommands to the field (must implement Subcommand)
  • When Option<T>, the subcommand becomes optional
• from_global: Read a clap::Arg::global argument (raw attribute), regardless of what subcommand you are in
• parse(<kind> [= <function>]): clap::Arg::validator and clap::ArgMatches::values_of_t
  • Default: try_from_str
  • Warning: for Path / OsString, be sure to use try_from_os_str
  • See Arg Types for more details
• arg_enum: Parse the value using the ArgEnum trait
• skip [= <expr>]: Ignore this field, filling in with <expr>
  • Without <expr>: fills the field with Default::default()
• default_value = <str>: clap::Arg::default_value and clap::Arg::required(false)
• default_value_t [= <expr>]: clap::Arg::default_value and clap::Arg::required(false)
  • Requires std::fmt::Display or #[clap(arg_enum)]
  • Without <expr>, relies on Default::default()
• default_value_os_t [= <expr>]: clap::Arg::default_value_os and clap::Arg::required(false)
  • Requires std::convert::Into<OsString> or #[clap(arg_enum)]
  • Without <expr>, relies on Default::default()

Arg Types

clap assumes some intent based on the type used:

Type	Effect	Implies
bool	flag	#[clap(parse(from_flag))]
Option<T>	optional argument	.takes_value(true).required(false)
Option<Option<T>>	optional value for optional argument	.takes_value(true).required(false).min_values(0).max_values(1)
T	required argument	.takes_value(true).required(!has_default)
Vec<T>	0.. occurrences of argument	.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)
Option<Vec<T>>	0.. occurrences of argument	.takes_value(true).required(false).multiple_occurrences(true)

Notes:

• For custom type behavior, you can override the implied attributes/settings and/or set additional ones
  • For example, see custom-bool
• Option<Vec<T>> will be None instead of vec![] if no arguments are provided.
  • This gives the user some flexibility in designing their argument, like with min_values(0)

You can then support your custom type with #[clap(parse(<kind> [= <function>]))]:

<kind>	Signature	Default <function>
from_str	fn(&str) -> T	::std::convert::From::from
try_from_str (default)	fn(&str) -> Result<T, E>	::std::str::FromStr::from_str
from_os_str	fn(&OsStr) -> T	::std::convert::From::from
try_from_os_str	fn(&OsStr) -> Result<T, OsString>	(no default function)
from_occurrences	fn(u64) -> T	value as T
from_flag	fn(bool) -> T	::std::convert::From::from

Notes:

• from_os_str:
  • Implies arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)
• try_from_os_str:
  • Implies arg.takes_value(true).allow_invalid_utf8(true)
• from_occurrences:
  • Implies arg.takes_value(false).multiple_occurrences(true)
  • Reads from clap::ArgMatches::occurrences_of rather than a value_of function
    • Note: operations on values, like default_value, are unlikely to do what you want
• from_flag
  • Implies arg.takes_value(false)
  • Reads from clap::ArgMatches::is_present rather than a value_of function
    • Note: operations on values, like default_value, are unlikely to do what you want

Warning:

• To support non-UTF8 paths, you must use parse(from_os_str), otherwise clap will use clap::ArgMatches::value_of with PathBuf::FromStr.

Arg Enum Attributes

• rename_all = <expr>: Override default field / variant name case conversion for PossibleValue::new
  • When not present: kebab-case
  • Available values: camelCase, kebab-case, PascalCase, SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE, snake_case, lower, UPPER, verbatim

Possible Value Attributes

These correspond to a clap::PossibleValue.

• name = <expr>: clap::PossibleValue::new
  • When not present: case-converted field name is used
• help = <expr>: clap::PossibleValue::help
  • When not present: Doc comment summary

Doc Comments

In clap, help messages for the whole binary can be specified via [Command::about] and [Command::long_about] while help messages for individual arguments can be specified via [Arg::help] and [Arg::long_help]".

long_* variants are used when user calls the program with --help and "short" variants are used with -h flag.

# use clap::Parser;

#[derive(Parser)]
#[clap(about = "I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`", long_about = None)]
struct Foo {
    #[clap(short, help = "Pass `-h` and you'll see me!")]
    bar: String,
}

For convenience, doc comments can be used instead of raw methods (this example works exactly like the one above):

# use clap::Parser;

#[derive(Parser)]
/// I am a program and I work, just pass `-h`
struct Foo {
    /// Pass `-h` and you'll see me!
    bar: String,
}

NOTE: Attributes have priority over doc comments!

Top level doc comments always generate Command::about/long_about calls! If you really want to use the Command::about/long_about methods (you likely don't), use the about / long_about attributes to override the calls generated from the doc comment. To clear long_about, you can use #[clap(long_about = None)].

TIP: Set #![deny(missing_docs)] to catch missing --help documentation at compile time.

Pre-processing

# use clap::Parser;
#[derive(Parser)]
/// Hi there, I'm Robo!
///
/// I like beeping, stumbling, eating your electricity,
/// and making records of you singing in a shower.
/// Pay up, or I'll upload it to youtube!
struct Robo {
    /// Call my brother SkyNet.
    ///
    /// I am artificial superintelligence. I won't rest
    /// until I'll have destroyed humanity. Enjoy your
    /// pathetic existence, you mere mortals.
    #[clap(long)]
    kill_all_humans: bool,
}

A doc comment consists of three parts:

• Short summary
• A blank line (whitespace only)
• Detailed description, all the rest

The summary corresponds with Command::about / Arg::help. When a blank line is present, the whole doc comment will be passed to Command::long_about / Arg::long_help. Or in other words, a doc may result in just a Command::about / Arg::help or Command::about / Arg::help and Command::long_about / Arg::long_help

In addition, when verbatim_doc_comment is not present, clap applies some preprocessing, including:

• Strip leading and trailing whitespace from every line, if present.

• Strip leading and trailing blank lines, if present.

• Interpret each group of non-empty lines as a word-wrapped paragraph.

  We replace newlines within paragraphs with spaces to allow the output to be re-wrapped to the terminal width.

• Strip any excess blank lines so that there is exactly one per paragraph break.

• If the first paragraph ends in exactly one period, remove the trailing period (i.e. strip trailing periods but not trailing ellipses).

Sometimes you don't want this preprocessing to apply, for example the comment contains some ASCII art or markdown tables, you would need to preserve LFs along with blank lines and the leading/trailing whitespace. When you pass use the verbatim_doc_comment magic attribute, you preserve them.

Note: Keep in mind that verbatim_doc_comment will still

• Remove one leading space from each line, even if this attribute is present, to allow for a space between /// and the content.
• Remove leading and trailing blank lines

Tips

• To get access to a Command call CommandFactory::command (implemented when deriving Parser)
• Proactively check for bad Command configurations by calling Command::debug_assert in a test (example)