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clap-tests | ||
examples | ||
src | ||
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LICENSE-MIT | ||
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README.md |
clap
Command Line Argument Parser for Rust
It is a simple to use, efficient, and full featured library for parsing command line arguments and subcommands when writing console, or terminal applications.
About
clap
is used to parse and validate the string of command line arguments provided by the user at runtime. You provide the list of valid possibilities, and clap
handles the rest. This means you focus on your applications functionality, and less on the parsing and validating of arguments.
clap
also provides the traditional version and help switches (or flags) 'for free' meaning automatically with no configuration. It does this by checking list of valid possibilities you supplied and if you haven't them already (or only defined some of them), clap
will auto-generate the applicable ones. If you are using subcommands, clap
will also auto-generate a help
subcommand for you in addition to the traditional flags.
Once clap
parses the user provided string of arguments, it returns the matches along with any applicable values. If the user made an error or typo, clap
informs them of the mistake and exits gracefully. Because of this, you can make reasonable assumptions in your code about the validity of the arguments.
Features
Below are a few of the features which clap
supports, full descriptions and usage can be found in the documentation and examples/
directory
- Auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage information
- Can optionally be fully, or partially overridden if you want a custom help, version, or usag
- Flags / Switches (i.e. bool fields)
- Both short and long versions supported (i.e.
-f
and--flag
respectively) - Supports combining short versions (i.e.
-fBgoZ
is the same as-f -B -g -o -Z
) - Optionally supports multiple occurrences (i.e.
-vvv
or-v -v -v
)
- Both short and long versions supported (i.e.
- Positional Arguments (i.e. those which are based off an index from the program name)
- Optionally supports multiple values (i.e.
myprog <file>...
such asmyprog file1.txt file2.txt
being two values for the same "file" argument) - Optionally supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
- Supports the unix
--
meaning, only positional arguments follow
- Optionally supports multiple values (i.e.
- Option Arguments (i.e. those that take values as options)
- Both short and long versions supported (i.e.
-o value
and--option value
or--option=value
respectively) - Optionally supports multiple values (i.e.
-o <value> -o <other_value>
) - Optionally supports Specific Value Sets (See below)
- Both short and long versions supported (i.e.
- Sub-Commands (i.e.
git add <file>
whereadd
is a sub-command ofgit
)- Support their own sub-arguments, and sub-sub-commands independant of the parent
- Get their own auto-generated Help, Version, and Usage independant of parent
- Requirement Rules: Arguments can optionally define the following types of requirement rules
- Required by default
- Required only if certain arguments are present
- Can require other arguments to be present
- Exclusion/Confliction Rules: Arguments can optionally define the following types of exclusion rules
- Can be disallowed when certain arguments are present
- Can disallow use of other arguments when present
- Groups: Arguments can optionally be made part of a group which means one, and only one argument from this "group" may be present at runtime
- Fully compatible with other relational rules (requirements and exclusions) which allows things like requiring the use of a group, or denying the use of a group conditionally
- Specific Value Sets: Positional or Option Arguments can optionally define a specific set of allowed values (i.e. imagine a
--mode
option which may only have one of two valuesfast
orslow
such as--mode fast
or--mode slow
) - Default Values: Although not specifically provided by
clap
you can achieve this exact functionality from Rust'sOption<&str>.unwrap_or("some default")
method (orResult<T,String>.unwrap_or(T)
when using typed values) - Automatic Version from Cargo.toml:
clap
is fully compatible with Rust'senv!()
macro for automatically setting the version of your application to the version in your Cargo.toml. Seeexamples/09_AutoVersion.rs
for how to do this (Thanks to jhelwig for pointing this out) - Typed Values: You can use several convenience macros provided by
clap
to get typed values (i.e.i32
,u8
, etc.) from positional or option arguments so long as the type you request implementsstd::str::FromStr
See theexamples/12_TypedValues.rs
. You can also useclap
ssimple_enum!
orarg_enum!
macro to create an enum with variants that automatically implementsstd::str::FromStr
. Seeexamples/13a_EnumValuesAutomatic.rs
for details.
Quick Example
The following two examples show a quick example of some of the very basic functionality of clap
. For more advanced usage, such as requirements, exclusions, groups, multiple values and occurrences see the video tutorials, documentation, or examples/
directory of this repository.
NOTE: Both examples are functionally the same, but show two different styles in which to use clap
// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01a_QuickExample.rs)
//
// This example demonstrates clap's "usage strings" method of creating arguments which is less
// less verbose
extern crate clap;
use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
fn main() {
let matches = App::new("myapp")
.version("1.0")
.author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
.about("Does awesome things")
.args_from_usage(
"-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Sets a custom config file'
<INPUT> 'Sets the input file to use'
[debug]... -d 'Sets the level of debugging information'")
.subcommand(SubCommand::new("test")
.about("controls testing features")
.version("1.3")
.author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
.arg_from_usage("-v --verbose 'Print test information verbosely'"))
.get_matches();
// Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
// required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
// Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
let config = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("default.conf");
println!("Value for config: {}", config);
// Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "debug" flag
// (i.e. 'myapp -d -d -d' or 'myapp -ddd' vs 'myapp -d'
match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
}
// You can information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
// (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
if matches.is_present("verbose") {
println!("Printing verbosely...");
} else {
println!("Printing normally...");
}
}
// more porgram logic goes here...
}
The following example is functionally the same as the one above, but this method allows more advanced configuration options (not shown in this small example), or even dynamically generating arguments when desired. Both methods can be used together to get the best of both worlds (see the documentation, examples, or video tutorials).
// (Full example with detailed comments in examples/01b_QuickExample.rs)
//
// This example demonstrates clap's full 'builder pattern' style of creating arguments which is
// more verbose, but allows easier editting, and at times more advanced options, or the possibility
// to generate arguments dynamically.
extern crate clap;
use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
fn main() {
let matches = App::new("myapp")
.version("1.0")
.author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
.about("Does awesome things")
.arg(Arg::with_name("CONFIG")
.short("c")
.long("config")
.help("Sets a custom config file")
.takes_value(true))
.arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
.help("Sets the input file to use")
.required(true)
.index(1))
.arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
.short("d")
.multiple(true)
.help("Sets the level of debugging information"))
.subcommand(SubCommand::new("test")
.about("controls testing features")
.version("1.3")
.author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
.arg(Arg::with_name("verbose")
.short("v")
.help("print test information verbosely")))
.get_matches();
// Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
// required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
// Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
let config = matches.value_of("CONFIG").unwrap_or("default.conf");
println!("Value for config: {}", config);
// Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "debug" flag
// (i.e. 'myapp -d -d -d' or 'myapp -ddd' vs 'myapp -d'
match matches.occurrences_of("debug") {
0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
}
// You can information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
// (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
if matches.is_present("verbose") {
println!("Printing verbosely...");
} else {
println!("Printing normally...");
}
}
// more porgram logic goes here...
}
If you were to compile either of the above programs and run them with the flag --help
or -h
(or help
subcommand, since we defined test
as a subcommand) the following would be output
$ myapp --help
myapp 1.0
Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>
Does awesome things
USAGE:
MyApp [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [SUBCOMMANDS]
FLAGS:
-d Turn debugging information on
-h, --help Prints this message
-v, --version Prints version information
OPTIONS:
-c, --config <CONFIG> Sets a custom config file
POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS:
INPUT The input file to use
SUBCOMMANDS:
help Prints this message
test Controls testing features
NOTE: You could also run myapp test --help
to see similar output and options for the test
subcommand.
Try it!
Pre-Built Test
To try out the pre-built example use the following stes:
- Clone the repostiory
$ git clone https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs && cd clap-rs/clap-tests
- Compile the example
$ cargo build --release
- Run the help info
$ ./target/release/claptests --help
- Play with the arguments!
BYOB (Build Your Own Binary)
To test out clap
's default auto-generated help/version follow these steps:
- Create a new cargo project
$ cargo new fake --bin && cd fake
- Add
clap
to yourCargo.toml
[dependencies]
clap = "*"
- Add the following to your
src/main.rs
extern crate clap;
use clap::App;
fn main() {
let _ = App::new("fake").version("v1.0-beta").get_matches();
}
- Build your program
$ cargo build --release
- Run with help or version
$ ./target/release/fake --help
or$ ./target/release/fake --version
Usage
For full usage, add clap
as a dependecy in your Cargo.toml
file to use from crates.io:
[dependencies]
clap = "*"
Or track the latest on the master branch at github:
[dependencies.clap]
git = "https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs.git"
Add extern crate clap;
to your crate root.
Define a list of valid arguments for your program (see the documentation or examples/
directory of this repo)
Then run cargo build
or cargo update && cargo build
for your project.
More Information
You can find complete documentation on the github-pages site for this project.
You can also find usage examples in the examples/
directory of this repo.
Video Tutorials
There's also the video tutorial series Argument Parsing with Rust that I've been working on.
Note: Two new videos have just been added (08 From Usage, and 09 Typed Values), if you're already familiar with clap
but want to know more about these two details you can check out those videos without watching the previous few.
Note: Apologies for the resolution of the first video, it will be updated to a better resolution soon. The other videos have a proper resolution.
How to Contribute
Contributions are always welcome! And there is a multitude of ways in which you can help depending on what you like to do, or are good at. Anything from documentation, code cleanup, issue completion, new features, you name it, even filing issues is contributing and greatly appreciated!
- Fork the project
- Clone your fork (
git clone https://github.com/$YOUR_USERNAME/clap-rs && cd clap-rs
) - Create new branch (
git checkout -b new-branch
) - Make your changes, and commit (
git commit -am "your message"
) (I try to use a conventional changelog format so I can update it using clog) - If applicable, run the tests (See below)
- Push your changes back to your fork (
git push origin your-branch
) - Create a pull request! (You can also create the pull request right away, and we'll merge when ready. This a good way to discuss proposed changes.)
Another really great way to help is if you find an interesting, or helpful way in which to use clap
. You can either add it to the examples/
directory, or file an issue and tell me. I'm all about giving credit where credit is due :)
Running the tests
If contributing, you can run the tests as follows (assuming you've cloned the repo to clap-rs/
cd clap-rs && cargo test
cd clap-tests && make test
Goals
There are a few goals of clap
that I'd like to maintain throughout contributions. If your proposed changes break, or go against any of these goals we'll discuss the changes further before merging (but will not be ignored, all contributes are welcome!). These are by no means hard-and-fast rules, as I'm no expert and break them myself from time to time (even if by mistake or ignorance :P).
- Remain backwards compatible when possible
- If backwards compatibility must be broken, use deprecation warnings if at all possible before removing legacy code
- This does not apply for security concerns
- Parse arguments quickly
- Parsing of arguments shouldn't slow down usage of the main program
- This is also true of generating help and usage information (although slightly less stringent, as the program is about to exit)
- Try to be cognizant of memory usage
- Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of
clap
should be low since the main program is the star of the show
- Once parsing is complete, the memory footprint of
panic!
on developer error, exit gracefully on end-user error
License
clap
is licensed under the MIT license. Please the LICENSE-MIT file in this repository for more information.