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clap/src/build/app/mod.rs
Kevin K a2cd63cc9e
fix: fixes group tests on v3-master
2018-08-01 21:43:55 -04:00

2310 lines
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mod settings;
pub use self::settings::{AppFlags, AppSettings};
// Std
use std::env;
use std::ffi::OsString;
use std::fmt;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufWriter, Write};
use std::iter::Peekable;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::process;
use std::slice::Iter;
// Third Party
#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
use yaml_rust::Yaml;
// Internal
use build::{Arg, ArgGroup, ArgSettings};
use completions::{ComplGen, Shell};
use output::fmt::ColorWhen;
use output::{Help, Usage};
use parse::errors::Result as ClapResult;
use parse::{ArgMatcher, ArgMatches, Parser};
use INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG;
#[doc(hidden)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Propagation<'a> {
To(&'a str),
Full,
NextLevel,
None,
}
/// Used to create a representation of a command line program and all possible command line
/// arguments. Application settings are set using the "builder pattern" with the
/// [`App::get_matches`] family of methods being the terminal methods that starts the
/// runtime-parsing process. These methods then return information about the user supplied
/// arguments (or lack there of).
///
/// **NOTE:** There aren't any mandatory "options" that one must set. The "options" may
/// also appear in any order (so long as one of the [`App::get_matches`] methods is the last method
/// called).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let m = App::new("My Program")
/// .author("Me, me@mail.com")
/// .version("1.0.2")
/// .about("Explains in brief what the program does")
/// .arg(
/// Arg::with_name("in_file").index(1)
/// )
/// .after_help("Longer explanation to appear after the options when \
/// displaying the help information from --help or -h")
/// .get_matches();
///
/// // Your program logic starts here...
/// ```
/// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
pub struct App<'a, 'b>
where
'a: 'b,
{
#[doc(hidden)]
pub name: String,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub bin_name: Option<String>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub author: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub version: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub long_version: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub about: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub long_about: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub more_help: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub pre_help: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub aliases: Option<Vec<(&'b str, bool)>>, // (name, visible)
#[doc(hidden)]
pub usage_str: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub usage: Option<String>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub help_str: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub disp_ord: usize,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub term_w: Option<usize>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub max_w: Option<usize>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub template: Option<&'b str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub settings: AppFlags,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub g_settings: AppFlags,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub args: Vec<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub subcommands: Vec<App<'a, 'b>>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub groups: Vec<ArgGroup<'a>>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub help_short: Option<char>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub version_short: Option<char>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub help_message: Option<&'a str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub version_message: Option<&'a str>,
#[doc(hidden)]
pub help_headings: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
}
impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
/// Creates a new instance of an application requiring a name. The name may be, but doesn't
/// have to be same as the binary. The name will be displayed to the user when they request to
/// print version or help and usage information.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let prog = App::new("My Program")
/// # ;
/// ```
pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
App {
name: n.into(),
..Default::default()
}
}
/// Get the name of the app
pub fn get_name(&self) -> &str { &self.name }
/// Get the name of the binary
pub fn get_bin_name(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.bin_name.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()) }
/// Sets a string of author(s) that will be displayed to the user when they
/// request the help information with `--help` or `-h`.
///
/// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_authors!`] to automatically set your
/// application's author(s) to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
/// directory for more information
///
/// See the [`examples/`]
/// directory for more information
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .author("Me, me@mymain.com")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`crate_authors!`]: ./macro.crate_authors!.html
/// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
pub fn author<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, author: S) -> Self {
self.author = Some(author.into());
self
}
/// Overrides the system-determined binary name. This should only be used when absolutely
/// necessary, such as when the binary name for your application is misleading, or perhaps
/// *not* how the user should invoke your program.
///
/// **Pro-tip:** When building things such as third party `cargo` subcommands, this setting
/// **should** be used!
///
/// **NOTE:** This command **should not** be used for [`SubCommand`]s.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("My Program")
/// .bin_name("my_binary")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
pub fn bin_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
self.bin_name = Some(name.into());
self
}
/// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed when displaying help
/// information with `-h`.
///
/// **NOTE:** If only `about` is provided, and not [`App::long_about`] but the user requests
/// `--help` clap will still display the contents of `about` appropriately
///
/// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be
/// concise
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .about("Does really amazing things to great people")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`App::long_about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_about
pub fn about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
self.about = Some(about.into());
self
}
/// Sets a string describing what the program does. This will be displayed when displaying help
/// information.
///
/// **NOTE:** If only `long_about` is provided, and not [`App::about`] but the user requests
/// `-h` clap will still display the contents of `long_about` appropriately
///
/// **NOTE:** Only [`App::about`] is used in completion script generation in order to be
/// concise
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .long_about(
/// "Does really amazing things to great people. Now let's talk a little
/// more in depth about how this subcommand really works. It may take about
/// a few lines of text, but that's ok!")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
pub fn long_about<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, about: S) -> Self {
self.long_about = Some(about.into());
self
}
/// Sets the program's name. This will be displayed when displaying help information.
///
/// **Pro-top:** This function is particularly useful when configuring a program via
/// [`App::from_yaml`] in conjunction with the [`crate_name!`] macro to derive the program's
/// name from its `Cargo.toml`.
///
/// # Examples
/// ```ignore
/// # #[macro_use]
/// # extern crate clap;
/// # use clap::App;
/// # fn main() {
/// let yml = load_yaml!("app.yml");
/// let app = App::from_yaml(yml)
/// .name(crate_name!());
///
/// // continued logic goes here, such as `app.get_matches()` etc.
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// [`App::from_yaml`]: ./struct.App.html#method.from_yaml
/// [`crate_name!`]: ./macro.crate_name.html
pub fn name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
self.name = name.into();
self
}
/// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
/// information is displayed **after** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
/// to describe how to use the arguments, or caveats to be noted.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::App;
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .after_help("Does really amazing things to great people...but be careful with -R")
/// # ;
/// ```
pub fn after_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
self.more_help = Some(help.into());
self
}
/// Adds additional help information to be displayed in addition to auto-generated help. This
/// information is displayed **before** the auto-generated help information. This is often used
/// for header information.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::App;
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .before_help("Some info I'd like to appear before the help info")
/// # ;
/// ```
pub fn before_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
self.pre_help = Some(help.into());
self
}
/// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying version or help
/// information with `-V`.
///
/// **NOTE:** If only `version` is provided, and not [`App::long_version`] but the user
/// requests `--version` clap will still display the contents of `version` appropriately
///
/// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to automatically set your
/// application's version to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
/// directory for more information
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .version("v0.1.24")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
/// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
/// [`App::long_version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
pub fn version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
self.version = Some(ver.into());
self
}
/// Sets a string of the version number to be displayed when displaying version or help
/// information with `--version`.
///
/// **NOTE:** If only `long_version` is provided, and not [`App::version`] but the user
/// requests `-V` clap will still display the contents of `long_version` appropriately
///
/// **Pro-tip:** Use `clap`s convenience macro [`crate_version!`] to automatically set your
/// application's version to the same thing as your crate at compile time. See the [`examples/`]
/// directory for more information
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .long_version(
/// "v0.1.24
/// commit: abcdef89726d
/// revision: 123
/// release: 2
/// binary: myprog")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`crate_version!`]: ./macro.crate_version!.html
/// [`examples/`]: https://github.com/kbknapp/clap-rs/tree/master/examples
/// [`App::version`]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
pub fn long_version<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, ver: S) -> Self {
self.long_version = Some(ver.into());
self
}
/// Overrides the `clap` generated usage string.
///
/// This will be displayed to the user when errors are found in argument parsing.
///
/// **CAUTION:** Using this setting disables `clap`s "context-aware" usage strings. After this
/// setting is set, this will be the only usage string displayed to the user!
///
/// **NOTE:** This will not replace the entire help message, *only* the portion
/// showing the usage.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .override_usage("myapp [-clDas] <some_file>")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`ArgMatches::usage`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.usage
pub fn override_usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
self
}
/// Overrides the `clap` generated help message. This should only be used
/// when the auto-generated message does not suffice.
///
/// This will be displayed to the user when they use `--help` or `-h`
///
/// **NOTE:** This replaces the **entire** help message, so nothing will be auto-generated.
///
/// **NOTE:** This **only** replaces the help message for the current command, meaning if you
/// are using subcommands, those help messages will still be auto-generated unless you
/// specify a [`Arg::override_help`] for them as well.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myapp")
/// .override_help("myapp v1.0\n\
/// Does awesome things\n\
/// (C) me@mail.com\n\n\
///
/// USAGE: myapp <opts> <comamnd>\n\n\
///
/// Options:\n\
/// -h, --helpe Dispay this message\n\
/// -V, --version Display version info\n\
/// -s <stuff> Do something with stuff\n\
/// -v Be verbose\n\n\
///
/// Commmands:\n\
/// help Prints this message\n\
/// work Do some work")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`Arg::override_help`]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.override_help
pub fn override_help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
self.help_str = Some(help.into());
self
}
/// Sets the help template to be used, overriding the default format.
///
/// Tags arg given inside curly brackets.
///
/// Valid tags are:
///
/// * `{bin}` - Binary name.
/// * `{version}` - Version number.
/// * `{author}` - Author information.
/// * `{about}` - General description (from [`App::about`])
/// * `{usage}` - Automatically generated or given usage string.
/// * `{all-args}` - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positionals arguments,
/// and subcommands) including titles.
/// * `{unified}` - Unified help for options and flags. Note, you must *also* set
/// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`] to fully merge both options and
/// flags, otherwise the ordering is "best effort"
/// * `{flags}` - Help for flags.
/// * `{options}` - Help for options.
/// * `{positionals}` - Help for positionals arguments.
/// * `{subcommands}` - Help for subcommands.
/// * `{after-help}` - Help from [`App::after_help`]
/// * `{before-help}` - Help from [`App::before_help`]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .version("1.0")
/// .help_template("{bin} ({version}) - {usage}")
/// # ;
/// ```
/// **NOTE:**The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
/// in the lowercase and without spacing.
/// [`App::about`]: ./struct.App.html#method.about
/// [`App::after_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.after_help
/// [`App::before_help`]: ./struct.App.html#method.before_help
/// [`AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.UnifiedHelpMessage
pub fn help_template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
self.template = Some(s.into());
self
}
/// Enables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level settings.
///
/// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
/// .setting(AppSettings::WaitOnError)
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
pub fn setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
self.settings.set(setting);
self
}
/// Disables a single command, or [`SubCommand`], level setting.
///
/// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .unset_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
/// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
pub fn unset_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
self.settings.unset(setting);
self
}
/// Enables a single setting that is propagated down through all child subcommands.
///
/// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
///
/// **NOTE**: The setting is *only* propagated *down* and not up through parent commands.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, AppSettings};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .global_setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequired)
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
pub fn global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
self.settings.set(setting);
self.g_settings.set(setting);
self
}
/// Disables a global setting, and stops propagating down to child subcommands.
///
/// See [`AppSettings`] for a full list of possibilities and examples.
///
/// **NOTE:** The setting being unset will be unset from both local and [global] settings
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .unset_global_setting(AppSettings::ColorAuto)
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`AppSettings`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html
/// [global]: ./struct.App.html#method.global_setting
pub fn unset_global_setting(mut self, setting: AppSettings) -> Self {
self.settings.unset(setting);
self.g_settings.unset(setting);
self
}
/// Sets the terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Defaults to `120`. Using `0` will
/// ignore terminal widths and use source formatting.
///
/// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows
/// if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been used while compiling. If the terminal width
/// cannot be determined, `clap` defaults to `120`.
///
/// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
///
/// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **before** any subcommands are added!
///
/// # Platform Specific
///
/// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of terminal width.
/// Even on those platforms, this setting is useful if for any reason the terminal width
/// cannot be determined.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::App;
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .set_term_width(80)
/// # ;
/// ```
pub fn set_term_width(mut self, width: usize) -> Self {
self.term_w = Some(width);
self
}
/// Sets the max terminal width at which to wrap help messages. Using `0` will ignore terminal
/// widths and use source formatting.
///
/// `clap` automatically tries to determine the terminal width on Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows
/// if the `wrap_help` cargo "feature" has been used while compiling, but one might want to
/// limit the size (e.g. when the terminal is running fullscreen).
///
/// **NOTE:** This setting applies globally and *not* on a per-command basis.
///
/// **NOTE:** This setting must be set **before** any subcommands are added!
///
/// # Platform Specific
///
/// Only Unix, Linux, OSX and Windows support automatic determination of terminal width.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::App;
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .max_term_width(100)
/// # ;
/// ```
pub fn max_term_width(mut self, w: usize) -> Self {
self.max_w = Some(w);
self
}
/// Adds an [argument] to the list of valid possibilities.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// // Adding a single "flag" argument with a short and help text, using Arg::with_name()
/// .arg(
/// Arg::with_name("debug")
/// .short('d')
/// .help("turns on debugging mode")
/// )
/// // Adding a single "option" argument with a short, a long, and help text using the less
/// // verbose Arg::from()
/// .arg(
/// Arg::from("-c --config=[CONFIG] 'Optionally sets a config file to use'")
/// )
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [argument]: ./struct.Arg.html
pub fn arg<A: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>>(mut self, a: A) -> Self {
let help_heading: Option<&'a str> = if let Some(option_str) = self.help_headings.last() {
*option_str
} else {
None
};
let arg = a.into().help_heading(help_heading);
self.args.push(arg);
self
}
/// Set a custom section heading for future args. Every call to arg will
/// have this header (instead of its default header) until a subsequent
/// call to help_heading
pub fn help_heading(mut self, heading: &'a str) -> Self {
self.help_headings.push(Some(heading));
self
}
/// Stop using custom section headings.
pub fn stop_custom_headings(mut self) -> Self {
self.help_headings.push(None);
self
}
/// Adds multiple [arguments] to the list of valid possibilties
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .args(&[
/// Arg::from("[debug] -d 'turns on debugging info'"),
/// Arg::with_name("input").index(1).help("the input file to use")
/// ])
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [arguments]: ./struct.Arg.html
pub fn args<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> Self
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<Arg<'a, 'b>>,
{
// @TODO @perf @p4 @v3-beta: maybe extend_from_slice would be possible and perform better?
// But that may also not let us do `&["-a 'some'", "-b 'other']` because of not Into<Arg>
for arg in args.into_iter() {
self.args.push(arg.into());
}
self
}
/// Allows adding a [`SubCommand`] alias, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
/// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
/// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
/// this command, and not all variants.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// let m = App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
/// .alias("do-stuff"))
/// .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
/// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
pub fn alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
als.push((name.into(), false));
} else {
self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), false)]);
}
self
}
/// Allows adding [`SubCommand`] aliases, which function as "hidden" subcommands that
/// automatically dispatch as if this subcommand was used. This is more efficient, and easier
/// than creating multiple hidden subcommands as one only needs to check for the existence of
/// this command, and not all variants.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// let m = App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
/// .aliases(&["do-stuff", "do-tests", "tests"]))
/// .arg(Arg::with_name("input")
/// .help("the file to add")
/// .index(1)
/// .required(false))
/// .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-tests"]);
/// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
pub fn aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
for n in names {
als.push((n, false));
}
} else {
self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, false)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
}
self
}
/// Allows adding a [`SubCommand`] alias that functions exactly like those defined with
/// [`App::alias`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// let m = App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
/// .visible_alias("do-stuff"))
/// .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
/// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`App::alias`]: ./struct.App.html#method.alias
pub fn visible_alias<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, name: S) -> Self {
if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
als.push((name.into(), true));
} else {
self.aliases = Some(vec![(name.into(), true)]);
}
self
}
/// Allows adding multiple [`SubCommand`] aliases that functions exactly like those defined
/// with [`App::aliases`], except that they are visible inside the help message.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// let m = App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
/// .visible_aliases(&["do-stuff", "tests"]))
/// .get_matches_from(vec!["myprog", "do-stuff"]);
/// assert_eq!(m.subcommand_name(), Some("test"));
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`App::aliases`]: ./struct.App.html#method.aliases
pub fn visible_aliases(mut self, names: &[&'b str]) -> Self {
if let Some(ref mut als) = self.aliases {
for n in names {
als.push((n, true));
}
} else {
self.aliases = Some(names.iter().map(|n| (*n, true)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
}
self
}
/// Adds an [`ArgGroup`] to the application. [`ArgGroup`]s are a family of related arguments.
/// By placing them in a logical group, you can build easier requirement and exclusion rules.
/// For instance, you can make an entire [`ArgGroup`] required, meaning that one (and *only*
/// one) argument from that group must be present at runtime.
///
/// You can also do things such as name an [`ArgGroup`] as a conflict to another argument.
/// Meaning any of the arguments that belong to that group will cause a failure if present with
/// the conflicting argument.
///
/// Another added benefit of [`ArgGroup`]s is that you can extract a value from a group instead
/// of determining exactly which argument was used.
///
/// Finally, using [`ArgGroup`]s to ensure exclusion between arguments is another very common
/// use
///
/// # Examples
///
/// The following example demonstrates using an [`ArgGroup`] to ensure that one, and only one,
/// of the arguments from the specified group is present at runtime.
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
/// App::new("app")
/// .args_from_usage(
/// "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
/// --major 'auto increase major'
/// --minor 'auto increase minor'
/// --patch 'auto increase patch'")
/// .group(ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
/// .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
/// .required(true))
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
pub fn group(mut self, group: ArgGroup<'a>) -> Self {
self.groups.push(group);
self
}
/// Adds multiple [`ArgGroup`]s to the [`App`] at once.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, ArgGroup};
/// App::new("app")
/// .args_from_usage(
/// "--set-ver [ver] 'set the version manually'
/// --major 'auto increase major'
/// --minor 'auto increase minor'
/// --patch 'auto increase patch'
/// -c [FILE] 'a config file'
/// -i [IFACE] 'an interface'")
/// .groups(&[
/// ArgGroup::with_name("vers")
/// .args(&["set-ver", "major", "minor","patch"])
/// .required(true),
/// ArgGroup::with_name("input")
/// .args(&["c", "i"])
/// ])
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`ArgGroup`]: ./struct.ArgGroup.html
/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
pub fn groups(mut self, groups: &[ArgGroup<'a>]) -> Self {
for g in groups {
self = self.group(g.into());
}
self
}
/// Adds a [`SubCommand`] to the list of valid possibilities. Subcommands are effectively
/// sub-[`App`]s, because they can contain their own arguments, subcommands, version, usage,
/// etc. They also function just like [`App`]s, in that they get their own auto generated help,
/// version, and usage.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("config")
/// .about("Controls configuration features")
/// .arg_from_usage("<config> 'Required configuration file to use'"))
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
pub fn subcommand(mut self, subcmd: App<'a, 'b>) -> Self {
self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
self
}
/// Adds multiple subcommands to the list of valid possibilities by iterating over an
/// [`IntoIterator`] of [`SubCommand`]s
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
/// # App::new("myprog")
/// .subcommands( vec![
/// SubCommand::with_name("config").about("Controls configuration functionality")
/// .arg(Arg::with_name("config_file").index(1)),
/// SubCommand::with_name("debug").about("Controls debug functionality")])
/// # ;
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
/// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
pub fn subcommands<I>(mut self, subcmds: I) -> Self
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = App<'a, 'b>>,
{
for subcmd in subcmds {
self.subcommands.push(subcmd);
}
self
}
/// Allows custom ordering of [`SubCommand`]s within the help message. Subcommands with a lower
/// value will be displayed first in the help message. This is helpful when one would like to
/// emphasise frequently used subcommands, or prioritize those towards the top of the list.
/// Duplicate values **are** allowed. Subcommands with duplicate display orders will be
/// displayed in alphabetical order.
///
/// **NOTE:** The default is 999 for all subcommands.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::{App, SubCommand};
/// let m = App::new("cust-ord")
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("alpha") // typically subcommands are grouped
/// // alphabetically by name. Subcommands
/// // without a display_order have a value of
/// // 999 and are displayed alphabetically with
/// // all other 999 subcommands
/// .about("Some help and text"))
/// .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("beta")
/// .display_order(1) // In order to force this subcommand to appear *first*
/// // all we have to do is give it a value lower than 999.
/// // Any other subcommands with a value of 1 will be displayed
/// // alphabetically with this one...then 2 values, then 3, etc.
/// .about("I should be first!"))
/// .get_matches_from(vec![
/// "cust-ord", "--help"
/// ]);
/// ```
///
/// The above example displays the following help message
///
/// ```text
/// cust-ord
///
/// USAGE:
/// cust-ord [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
///
/// FLAGS:
/// -h, --help Prints help information
/// -V, --version Prints version information
///
/// SUBCOMMANDS:
/// beta I should be first!
/// alpha Some help and text
/// ```
/// [`SubCommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
pub fn display_order(mut self, ord: usize) -> Self {
self.disp_ord = ord;
self
}
/// Allows one to mutate an [`Arg`] after it's been added to an `App`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
///
/// let mut app = App::new("foo")
/// .arg(Arg::with_name("bar")
/// .short('b'))
/// .mut_arg("bar", |a| a.short('B'));
///
/// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-b"]);
///
/// // Since we changed `bar`'s short to "B" this should err as there
/// // is no `-b` anymore, only `-B`
///
/// assert!(res.is_err());
///
/// let res = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(vec!["foo", "-B"]);
/// assert!(res.is_ok());
/// ```
/// [`Arg`]: ./struct.Arg.html
pub fn mut_arg<F>(mut self, arg: &'a str, f: F) -> Self
where
F: FnOnce(Arg<'a, 'b>) -> Arg<'a, 'b>,
{
let i = self
.args
.iter()
.enumerate()
.filter_map(|(i, a)| if a.name == arg { Some(i) } else { None })
.next();
let a = if let Some(idx) = i {
let mut a = self.args.swap_remove(idx);
f(a)
} else {
let mut a = Arg::with_name(arg);
f(a)
};
self.args.push(a);
self
}
/// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
/// method as if someone ran `-h` to request the help message
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// app.print_help();
/// ```
/// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
/// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
/// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
/// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
pub fn print_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
// If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
// before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
let out = io::stdout();
let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
self.write_help(&mut buf_w)
}
/// Prints the full help message to [`io::stdout()`] using a [`BufWriter`] using the same
/// method as if someone ran `--help` to request the help message
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// app.print_long_help();
/// ```
/// [`io::stdout()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/fn.stdout.html
/// [`BufWriter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/struct.BufWriter.html
/// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
/// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
pub fn print_long_help(&mut self) -> ClapResult<()> {
// If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propagate them down to subcommands
// before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
let out = io::stdout();
let mut buf_w = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
self.write_long_help(&mut buf_w)
}
/// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
/// the user ran `-h`
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// use std::io;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// let mut out = io::stdout();
/// app.write_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
/// ```
/// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
/// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
pub fn write_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
let p = Parser::new(self);
Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, false)
}
/// Writes the full help message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object in the same method as if
/// the user ran `--help`
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" help messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-h` (short)] or [`--help` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// use std::io;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// let mut out = io::stdout();
/// app.write_long_help(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
/// ```
/// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [`-h` (short)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.help
/// [`--help` (long)]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.long_help
pub fn write_long_help<W: Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
let p = Parser::new(self);
Help::write_parser_help(w, &p, true)
}
/// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object as if the user ran `-V`.
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// use std::io;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// let mut out = io::stdout();
/// app.write_version(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
/// ```
/// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
/// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
pub fn write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
self._write_version(w, false).map_err(From::from)
}
/// Writes the version message to the user to a [`io::Write`] object
///
/// **NOTE:** clap has the ability to distinguish between "short" and "long" version messages
/// depending on if the user ran [`-V` (short)] or [`--version` (long)]
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use clap::App;
/// use std::io;
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// let mut out = io::stdout();
/// app.write_long_version(&mut out).expect("failed to write to stdout");
/// ```
/// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [`-V` (short)]: ./struct.App.html#method.version
/// [`--version` (long)]: ./struct.App.html#method.long_version
pub fn write_long_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W) -> ClapResult<()> {
self._write_version(w, true).map_err(From::from)
}
/// @TODO-v3-alpha @docs @p2: write docs
pub fn generate_usage(&mut self) -> String {
// If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
// before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
}
let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
parser._build();
Usage::new(&parser).create_usage_with_title(&[])
}
/// Starts the parsing process, upon a failed parse an error will be displayed to the user and
/// the process will exit with the appropriate error code. By default this method gets all user
/// provided arguments from [`env::args_os`] in order to allow for invalid UTF-8 code points,
/// which are legal on many platforms.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let matches = App::new("myprog")
/// // Args and options go here...
/// .get_matches();
/// ```
/// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
pub fn get_matches(self) -> ArgMatches<'a> { self.get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os()) }
/// Starts the parsing process, just like [`App::get_matches`] but doesn't consume the `App`
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog")
/// // Args and options go here...
/// ;
/// let matches = app.get_matches_mut();
/// ```
/// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
/// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
pub fn get_matches_mut(&mut self) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
self.try_get_matches_from_mut(&mut env::args_os())
.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
// Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
if e.use_stderr() {
wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
let mut s = String::new();
let i = io::stdin();
i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
}
drop(self);
drop(e);
process::exit(1);
}
drop(self);
e.exit()
})
}
/// Starts the parsing process. This method will return a [`clap::Result`] type instead of exiting
/// the process on failed parse. By default this method gets matches from [`env::args_os`]
///
/// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
/// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a
/// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`] or [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`] respectively. You must call
/// [`Error::exit`] or perform a [`std::process::exit`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let matches = App::new("myprog")
/// // Args and options go here...
/// .try_get_matches()
/// .unwrap_or_else( |e| e.exit() );
/// ```
/// [`env::args_os`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/env/fn.args_os.html
/// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
/// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
/// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
/// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
/// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
/// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
/// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
pub fn try_get_matches(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
// Start the parsing
self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
}
/// Starts the parsing process. Like [`App::get_matches`] this method does not return a [`clap::Result`]
/// and will automatically exit with an error message. This method, however, lets you specify
/// what iterator to use when performing matches, such as a [`Vec`] of your making.
///
/// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
///
/// let matches = App::new("myprog")
/// // Args and options go here...
/// .get_matches_from(arg_vec);
/// ```
/// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
/// [`clap::Result`]: ./type.Result.html
/// [`Vec`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
pub fn get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ArgMatches<'a>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
// Otherwise, write to stderr and exit
if e.use_stderr() {
wlnerr!("{}", e.message);
if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::WaitOnError) {
wlnerr!("\nPress [ENTER] / [RETURN] to continue...");
let mut s = String::new();
let i = io::stdin();
i.lock().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
}
drop(self);
drop(e);
process::exit(1);
}
drop(self);
e.exit()
})
}
/// Starts the parsing process. A combination of [`App::get_matches_from`], and
/// [`App::try_get_matches`]
///
/// **NOTE:** This method WILL NOT exit when `--help` or `--version` (or short versions) are
/// used. It will return a [`clap::Error`], where the [`kind`] is a [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]
/// or [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`] respectively. You must call [`Error::exit`] or
/// perform a [`std::process::exit`] yourself.
///
/// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
///
/// let matches = App::new("myprog")
/// // Args and options go here...
/// .try_get_matches_from(arg_vec)
/// .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
/// ```
/// [`App::get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_from
/// [`App::try_get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches_safe
/// [`ErrorKind::HelpDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.HelpDisplayed
/// [`ErrorKind::VersionDisplayed`]: ./enum.ErrorKind.html#variant.VersionDisplayed
/// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
/// [`std::process::exit`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/process/fn.exit.html
/// [`clap::Error`]: ./struct.Error.html
/// [`Error::exit`]: ./struct.Error.html#method.exit
/// [`kind`]: ./struct.Error.html
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
pub fn try_get_matches_from<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
}
/// Starts the parsing process without consuming the [`App`] struct `self`. This is normally not
/// the desired functionality, instead prefer [`App::try_get_matches_from`] which *does*
/// consume `self`.
///
/// **NOTE:** The first argument will be parsed as the binary name unless
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`] is used
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
/// let arg_vec = vec!["my_prog", "some", "args", "to", "parse"];
///
/// let mut app = App::new("myprog");
/// // Args and options go here...
/// let matches = app.try_get_matches_from_mut(arg_vec)
/// .unwrap_or_else( |e| { panic!("An error occurs: {}", e) });
/// ```
/// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
/// [`App::try_get_matches_from`]: ./struct.App.html#method.try_get_matches_from
/// [`AppSettings::NoBinaryName`]: ./enum.AppSettings.html#variant.NoBinaryName
pub fn try_get_matches_from_mut<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
let mut it = itr.into_iter();
// Get the name of the program (argument 1 of env::args()) and determine the
// actual file
// that was used to execute the program. This is because a program called
// ./target/release/my_prog -a
// will have two arguments, './target/release/my_prog', '-a' but we don't want
// to display
// the full path when displaying help messages and such
if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::NoBinaryName) {
if let Some(name) = it.next() {
let bn_os = name.into();
let p = Path::new(&*bn_os);
if let Some(f) = p.file_name() {
if let Some(s) = f.to_os_string().to_str() {
if self.bin_name.is_none() {
self.bin_name = Some(s.to_owned());
}
}
}
}
}
self._do_parse(&mut it.peekable())
}
}
// Internally used only
#[doc(hidden)]
impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
#[doc(hidden)]
fn _do_parse<I, T>(&mut self, it: &mut Peekable<I>) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
where
I: Iterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
debugln!("App::_do_parse;");
let mut matcher = ArgMatcher::new();
// If there are global arguments, or settings we need to propgate them down to subcommands
// before parsing incase we run into a subcommand
if !self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
self._build(Propagation::NextLevel);
}
{
let mut parser = Parser::new(self);
// do the real parsing
parser.get_matches_with(&mut matcher, it)?;
}
let global_arg_vec: Vec<&str> = (&self)
.args
.iter()
.filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global))
.map(|ga| ga.name)
.collect();
matcher.propagate_globals(&global_arg_vec);
Ok(matcher.into())
}
// used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn _build(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
debugln!("App::_build;");
// Make sure all the globally set flags apply to us as well
self.settings = self.settings | self.g_settings;
// Depending on if DeriveDisplayOrder is set or not, we need to determine when we build
// the help and version flags, otherwise help message orders get screwed up
if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
self._derive_display_order();
self._create_help_and_version();
self._propagate(prop);
} else {
self._create_help_and_version();
self._propagate(prop);
self._derive_display_order();
}
// Perform expensive debug assertions
debug_assert!({
for a in &self.args {
self._arg_debug_asserts(a);
}
true
});
for a in &mut self.args {
// Fill in the groups
if let Some(ref grps) = a.groups {
for g in grps {
let mut found = false;
if let Some(ref mut ag) = self.groups.iter_mut().find(|grp| &grp.name == g) {
ag.args.push(a.name);
found = true;
}
if !found {
let mut ag = ArgGroup::with_name(g);
ag.args.push(a.name);
self.groups.push(ag);
}
}
}
// Figure out implied settings
if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
// if an arg has `Last` set, we need to imply DontCollapseArgsInUsage so that args
// in the usage string don't get confused or left out.
self.settings.set(AppSettings::DontCollapseArgsInUsage);
self.settings.set(AppSettings::ContainsLast);
}
a._build();
}
debug_assert!(self._app_debug_asserts());
self.settings.set(AppSettings::Propagated);
}
// Perform some expensive assertions on the Parser itself
fn _app_debug_asserts(&mut self) -> bool {
debugln!("App::app_debug_asserts;");
// * Args listed inside groups should exist
// * Groups should not have naming conflicts with Args
let g = self.groups.iter().find(|g| {
g.args.iter().any(|arg| {
!(self.find(arg).is_some() || self.groups.iter().any(|g| &g.name == arg))
})
});
assert!(
g.is_none(),
"The group '{}' contains an arg that doesn't exist or has a naming conflict with a group.",
g.unwrap().name
);
true
}
// @TODO @v3-alpha @perf: should only propagate globals to subcmd we find, or for help
pub fn _propagate(&mut self, prop: Propagation) {
debugln!("App::_propagate:{}", self.name);
for sc in &mut self.subcommands {
// We have to create a new scope in order to tell rustc the borrow of `sc` is
// done and to recursively call this method
{
let vsc = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::VersionlessSubcommands);
let gv = self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
if vsc {
sc.set(AppSettings::DisableVersion);
}
if gv && sc.version.is_none() && self.version.is_some() {
sc.set(AppSettings::GlobalVersion);
sc.version = Some(self.version.unwrap());
}
sc.settings = sc.settings | self.g_settings;
sc.g_settings = sc.g_settings | self.g_settings;
sc.term_w = self.term_w;
sc.max_w = self.max_w;
}
{
for a in self.args.iter().filter(|a| a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)) {
sc.args.push(a.clone());
}
}
// @TODO @deadcode @perf @v3-alpha: Currently we're not propagating
if prop == Propagation::Full {
sc._build(Propagation::Full);
}
}
}
pub(crate) fn _create_help_and_version(&mut self) {
debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version;");
// name is "hclap_help" because flags are sorted by name
if !self.contains_long("help") {
debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --help");
if self.help_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('h') {
self.help_short = Some('h');
}
let mut arg = Arg::with_name("hclap_help")
.long("help")
.help(self.help_message.unwrap_or("Prints help information"));
// we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
arg.short = self.help_short;
self.args.push(arg);
} else {
self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongHelp);
}
if !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableVersion) && !self.contains_long("version") {
debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building --version");
if self.version_short.is_none() && !self.contains_short('V') {
self.version_short = Some('V');
}
// name is "vclap_version" because flags are sorted by name
let mut arg = Arg::with_name("vclap_version")
.long("version")
.help(self.version_message.unwrap_or("Prints version information"));
// we have to set short manually because we're dealing with char's
arg.short = self.version_short;
self.args.push(arg);
} else {
self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsLongVersion);
}
if self.has_subcommands()
&& !self.is_set(AppSettings::DisableHelpSubcommand)
&& !subcommands!(self).any(|s| s.name == "help")
{
debugln!("App::_create_help_and_version: Building help");
self.subcommands.push(
App::new("help")
.about("Prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)"),
);
} else {
self.settings.unset(AppSettings::NeedsSubcommandHelp);
}
}
pub(crate) fn _derive_display_order(&mut self) {
debugln!("App::_derive_display_order:{}", self.name);
if self.settings.is_set(AppSettings::DeriveDisplayOrder) {
for (i, a) in args_mut!(self)
.filter(|a| a.has_switch())
.filter(|a| a.disp_ord == 999)
.enumerate()
{
a.disp_ord = i;
}
for (i, sc) in &mut subcommands_mut!(self)
.enumerate()
.filter(|&(_, ref sc)| sc.disp_ord == 999)
{
sc.disp_ord = i;
}
}
for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
sc._derive_display_order();
}
}
// Perform expensive assertions on the Arg instance
fn _arg_debug_asserts(&self, a: &Arg) -> bool {
debugln!("App::_arg_debug_asserts:{}", a.name);
// No naming conflicts
assert!(
arg_names!(self).fold(0, |acc, n| if n == a.name { acc + 1 } else { acc }) < 2,
format!("Non-unique argument name: {} is already in use", a.name)
);
// Long conflicts
if let Some(l) = a.long {
assert!(
args!(self).fold(
0,
|acc, arg| if arg.long == Some(l) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
) < 2,
"Argument long must be unique\n\n\t--{} is already in use",
l
);
}
// Short conflicts
if let Some(s) = a.short {
assert!(
args!(self).fold(
0,
|acc, arg| if arg.short == Some(s) { acc + 1 } else { acc },
) < 2,
"Argument short must be unique\n\n\t-{} is already in use",
s
);
}
if let Some(idx) = a.index {
// No index conflicts
assert!(
positionals!(self).fold(0, |acc, p| {
if p.index == Some(idx as u64) {
acc + 1
} else {
acc
}
}) < 2,
"Argument '{}' has the same index as another positional \
argument\n\n\tUse Arg::setting(ArgSettings::MultipleValues) to allow one \
positional argument to take multiple values",
a.name
);
}
if a.is_set(ArgSettings::Last) {
assert!(
a.long.is_none(),
"Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a long and \
last(true) set.",
a.name
);
assert!(
a.short.is_none(),
"Flags or Options may not have last(true) set. {} has both a short and \
last(true) set.",
a.name
);
}
assert!(
!(a.is_set(ArgSettings::Required) && a.is_set(ArgSettings::Global)),
"Global arguments cannot be required.\n\n\t'{}' is marked as \
global and required",
a.name
);
true
}
// used in clap_generate (https://github.com/clap-rs/clap_generate)
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn _build_bin_names(&mut self) {
debugln!("App::_build_bin_names;");
for sc in subcommands_mut!(self) {
debug!("Parser::build_bin_names:iter: bin_name set...");
if sc.bin_name.is_none() {
sdebugln!("No");
let bin_name = format!(
"{}{}{}",
self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.name.clone()),
if self.bin_name.is_some() { " " } else { "" },
&*sc.name
);
debugln!(
"Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Setting bin_name of {} to {}",
self.name,
bin_name
);
sc.bin_name = Some(bin_name);
} else {
sdebugln!("yes ({:?})", sc.bin_name);
}
debugln!(
"Parser::build_bin_names:iter: Calling build_bin_names from...{}",
sc.name
);
sc._build_bin_names();
}
}
pub(crate) fn _write_version<W: Write>(&self, w: &mut W, use_long: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
debugln!("App::_write_version;");
let ver = if use_long {
self.long_version
.unwrap_or_else(|| self.version.unwrap_or(""))
} else {
self.version
.unwrap_or_else(|| self.long_version.unwrap_or(""))
};
if let Some(bn) = self.bin_name.as_ref() {
if bn.contains(' ') {
// Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
write!(w, "{} {}", bn.replace(" ", "-"), ver)
} else {
write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
}
} else {
write!(w, "{} {}", &self.name[..], ver)
}
}
pub(crate) fn format_group(&self, g: &str) -> String {
let g_string = self
.unroll_args_in_group(g)
.iter()
.filter_map(|x| self.find(x))
.map(|x| {
if x.index.is_some() {
x.name.to_owned()
} else {
x.to_string()
}
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
.join("|");
format!("<{}>", &*g_string)
}
}
// Internal Query Methods
#[doc(hidden)]
impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
pub(crate) fn find(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Arg<'a, 'b>> {
self.args.iter().find(|a| a.name == name)
}
// Should we color the output? None=determined by output location, true=yes, false=no
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn color(&self) -> ColorWhen {
debugln!("App::color;");
debug!("App::color: Color setting...");
if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorNever) {
sdebugln!("Never");
ColorWhen::Never
} else if self.is_set(AppSettings::ColorAlways) {
sdebugln!("Always");
ColorWhen::Always
} else {
sdebugln!("Auto");
ColorWhen::Auto
}
}
pub(crate) fn contains_long(&self, l: &str) -> bool { longs!(self).any(|al| al == l) }
pub(crate) fn contains_short(&self, s: char) -> bool { shorts!(self).any(|arg_s| arg_s == s) }
pub fn is_set(&self, s: AppSettings) -> bool {
self.settings.is_set(s) || self.g_settings.is_set(s)
}
pub fn set(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.set(s) }
pub fn set_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.set(s) }
pub fn unset_global(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.g_settings.unset(s) }
pub fn unset(&mut self, s: AppSettings) { self.settings.unset(s) }
pub fn has_subcommands(&self) -> bool { !self.subcommands.is_empty() }
pub fn has_args(&self) -> bool { !self.args.is_empty() }
pub fn has_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).count() > 0 }
pub fn has_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).count() > 0 }
pub fn has_positionals(&self) -> bool { positionals!(self).count() > 0 }
pub fn has_visible_opts(&self) -> bool { opts!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
pub fn has_visible_flags(&self) -> bool { flags!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) }
pub fn has_visible_positionals(&self) -> bool {
positionals!(self).any(|o| !o.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden))
}
pub fn has_visible_subcommands(&self) -> bool {
subcommands!(self)
.filter(|sc| sc.name != "help")
.any(|sc| !sc.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden))
}
pub(crate) fn unroll_args_in_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
let mut g_vec = vec![group];
let mut args = vec![];
while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
for n in self
.groups
.iter()
.find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
.args
.iter()
{
if !args.contains(n) {
if self.find(n).is_some() {
args.push(n)
} else {
g_vec.push(n);
}
}
}
}
args
}
pub(crate) fn unroll_conflicts_for_group(&self, group: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
let mut g_vec = vec![group];
let mut confs = vec![];
while let Some(ref g) = g_vec.pop() {
if let Some(ref c_vec) = self
.groups
.iter()
.find(|grp| &grp.name == g)
.expect(INTERNAL_ERROR_MSG)
.conflicts
{
for c in c_vec {
if !confs.contains(c) {
if self.find(c).is_some() {
confs.push(c)
} else {
g_vec.push(c);
}
}
}
}
}
confs
}
pub(crate) fn unroll_requirements_for_arg(
&self,
arg: &str,
matcher: &ArgMatcher<'a>,
) -> Vec<&'a str> {
let requires_if_or_not = |&(val, req_arg)| {
if let Some(v) = val {
if matcher
.get(arg)
.and_then(|ma| Some(ma.contains_val(v)))
.unwrap_or(false)
{
Some(req_arg)
} else {
None
}
} else {
Some(req_arg)
}
};
let mut r_vec = vec![arg];
let mut args = vec![];
while let Some(ref a) = r_vec.pop() {
if let Some(arg) = self.find(a) {
if let Some(ref reqs) = arg.requires {
for r in reqs.iter().filter_map(requires_if_or_not) {
if let Some(req) = self.find(r) {
if req.requires.is_some() {
r_vec.push(req.name)
}
}
args.push(r);
}
}
}
}
args
}
}
// @TODO @v3-beta: remove
// Deprecations
impl<'a, 'b> App<'a, 'b> {
/// **Deprecated:** Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
#[deprecated(
since = "2.33.0",
note = "Use `App::global_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
)]
pub fn global_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
for s in settings {
self.settings.set(*s);
self.g_settings.set(*s)
}
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
#[deprecated(
since = "2.33.0",
note = "Use `App::setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
)]
pub fn settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
for s in settings {
self.settings.set(*s);
}
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead
#[deprecated(
since = "2.33.0",
note = "Use `App::unset_setting( SettingOne | SettingTwo )` instead"
)]
pub fn unset_settings(mut self, settings: &[AppSettings]) -> Self {
for s in settings {
self.settings.unset(*s);
self.g_settings.unset(*s);
}
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use explicit `App::author()` and `App::version()` calls instead.
#[deprecated(
since = "2.14.1",
note = "Can never work; use explicit App::author() and \
App::version() calls instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn with_defaults<S: Into<String>>(n: S) -> Self {
App {
name: n.into(),
author: Some("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>"),
version: Some("2.19.2"),
..Default::default()
}
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use App::from instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
pub fn from_yaml(yaml: &'a Yaml) -> App<'a, 'a> { App::from(yaml) }
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.short(\"H\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn help_short<S: AsRef<str> + 'b>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
let c = s
.as_ref()
.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
.chars()
.nth(0)
.unwrap_or('h');
self.help_short = Some(c);
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"v\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn version_short<S: AsRef<str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
let c = s
.as_ref()
.trim_left_matches(|c| c == '-')
.chars()
.nth(0)
.unwrap_or('V');
self.version_short = Some(c);
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"help\", |a| a.help(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn help_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
self.help_message = Some(s.into());
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::mut_arg(\"version\", |a| a.short(\"Some message\"))` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn version_message<S: Into<&'a str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
self.version_message = Some(s.into());
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed to `App::override_usage`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn usage<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, usage: S) -> Self {
self.usage_str = Some(usage.into());
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed to `App::override_help`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn help<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, help: S) -> Self {
self.help_str = Some(help.into());
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed to `App::help_template`. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn template<S: Into<&'b str>>(mut self, s: S) -> Self {
self.template = Some(s.into());
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::arg(Arg::from(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn arg_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
self.args.push(Arg::from(usage));
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `App::args(&str)` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn args_from_usage(mut self, usage: &'a str) -> Self {
for line in usage.lines() {
let l = line.trim();
if l.is_empty() {
continue;
}
self.args.push(Arg::from(l));
}
self
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[allow(deprecated)]
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn gen_completions<T: Into<OsString>, S: Into<String>>(
&mut self,
bin_name: S,
for_shell: Shell,
out_dir: T,
) {
use std::error::Error;
let out_dir = PathBuf::from(out_dir.into());
let name = &*self.bin_name.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
let file_name = match for_shell {
Shell::Bash => format!("{}.bash", name),
Shell::Fish => format!("{}.fish", name),
Shell::Zsh => format!("_{}", name),
Shell::PowerShell => format!("_{}.ps1", name),
Shell::Elvish => format!("{}.elv", name),
_ => panic!("Unsupported shell type for completion generation"),
};
let mut file = match File::create(out_dir.join(file_name)) {
Err(why) => panic!("couldn't create completion file: {}", why.description()),
Ok(file) => file,
};
self.gen_completions_to(bin_name.into(), for_shell, &mut file)
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Use `clap_generate crate and clap_generate::generate_completions_to` instead. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn gen_completions_to<W: Write, S: Into<String>>(
&mut self,
bin_name: S,
for_shell: Shell,
buf: &mut W,
) {
self.bin_name = Some(bin_name.into());
if !self.is_set(AppSettings::Propagated) {
self._build(Propagation::Full);
self._build_bin_names();
}
ComplGen::new(self).generate(for_shell, buf)
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn get_matches_safe(self) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>> {
// Start the parsing
self.try_get_matches_from(&mut env::args_os())
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn get_matches_from_safe<I, T>(mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
}
/// **Deprecated:** Use
#[deprecated(
since = "2.30.0",
note = "Renamed `App::try_get_matches_from_mut` to be consistent with Rust naming conventions. Will be removed in v3.0-beta"
)]
pub fn get_matches_from_safe_borrow<I, T>(&mut self, itr: I) -> ClapResult<ArgMatches<'a>>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
T: Into<OsString> + Clone,
{
self.try_get_matches_from_mut(itr)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "yaml")]
impl<'a> From<&'a Yaml> for App<'a, 'a> {
fn from(mut yaml: &'a Yaml) -> Self {
use parse::SubCommand;
// We WANT this to panic on error...so expect() is good.
let mut is_sc = None;
let mut a = if let Some(name) = yaml["name"].as_str() {
App::new(name)
} else {
let yaml_hash = yaml.as_hash().unwrap();
let sc_key = yaml_hash.keys().nth(0).unwrap();
is_sc = Some(yaml_hash.get(sc_key).unwrap());
App::new(sc_key.as_str().unwrap())
};
yaml = if let Some(sc) = is_sc { sc } else { yaml };
macro_rules! yaml_str {
($a:ident, $y:ident, $i:ident) => {
if let Some(v) = $y[stringify!($i)].as_str() {
$a = $a.$i(v);
} else if $y[stringify!($i)] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
$y[stringify!($i)]
);
}
};
}
yaml_str!(a, yaml, version);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, author);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, bin_name);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, about);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, before_help);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, after_help);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, template);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, usage);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, help);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, help_short);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, version_short);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, help_message);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, version_message);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, alias);
yaml_str!(a, yaml, visible_alias);
if let Some(v) = yaml["display_order"].as_i64() {
a = a.display_order(v as usize);
} else if yaml["display_order"] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a u64",
yaml["display_order"]
);
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["setting"].as_str() {
a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
} else if yaml["setting"] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to an AppSetting",
yaml["setting"]
);
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["settings"].as_vec() {
for ys in v {
if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
a = a.setting(s.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
}
}
} else if let Some(v) = yaml["settings"].as_str() {
a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
} else if yaml["settings"] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
yaml["settings"]
);
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["global_setting"].as_str() {
a = a.setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
} else if yaml["global_setting"] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to an AppSetting",
yaml["setting"]
);
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["global_settings"].as_vec() {
for ys in v {
if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
a = a.global_setting(s.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
}
}
} else if let Some(v) = yaml["global_settings"].as_str() {
a = a.global_setting(v.parse().expect("unknown AppSetting found in YAML file"));
} else if yaml["global_settings"] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string",
yaml["global_settings"]
);
}
macro_rules! vec_or_str {
($a:ident, $y:ident, $as_vec:ident, $as_single:ident) => {{
let maybe_vec = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_vec();
if let Some(vec) = maybe_vec {
for ys in vec {
if let Some(s) = ys.as_str() {
$a = $a.$as_single(s);
} else {
panic!("Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to a string", ys);
}
}
} else {
if let Some(s) = $y[stringify!($as_vec)].as_str() {
$a = $a.$as_single(s);
} else if $y[stringify!($as_vec)] != Yaml::BadValue {
panic!(
"Failed to convert YAML value {:?} to either a vec or string",
$y[stringify!($as_vec)]
);
}
}
$a
}};
}
a = vec_or_str!(a, yaml, aliases, alias);
a = vec_or_str!(a, yaml, visible_aliases, visible_alias);
if let Some(v) = yaml["args"].as_vec() {
for arg_yaml in v {
a = a.arg(Arg::from_yaml(arg_yaml.as_hash().unwrap()));
}
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["subcommands"].as_vec() {
for sc_yaml in v {
a = a.subcommand(SubCommand::from_yaml(sc_yaml));
}
}
if let Some(v) = yaml["groups"].as_vec() {
for ag_yaml in v {
a = a.group(ArgGroup::from(ag_yaml.as_hash().unwrap()));
}
}
a
}
}
impl<'n, 'e> fmt::Display for App<'n, 'e> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.name) }
}
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