clap/src/app/help.rs

// Std
use std::cmp;
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read, Write};
use std::usize;

// Internal
use app::{App, AppSettings};
use app::parser::Parser;
use args::{AnyArg, ArgSettings, DispOrder};
use errors::{Error, Result as ClapResult};
use fmt::{Format, Colorizer};

// Third Party
use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
#[cfg(feature = "wrap_help")]
use term_size;
use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
use vec_map::VecMap;

#[cfg(not(feature = "wrap_help"))]
mod term_size {
    pub fn dimensions() -> Option<(usize, usize)> { None }
}

fn str_width(s: &str) -> usize { UnicodeWidthStr::width(s) }

const TAB: &'static str = "    ";

// These are just convenient traits to make the code easier to read.
trait ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>: AnyArg<'b, 'c> + Display {}
impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> for T where T: AnyArg<'b, 'c> + Display {}

trait ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>: ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> + DispOrder {
    fn as_base(&self) -> &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>;
}
impl<'b, 'c, T> ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c> for T
    where T: ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> + DispOrder
{
    fn as_base(&self) -> &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c> { self }
}

fn as_arg_trait<'a, 'b, T: ArgWithOrder<'a, 'b>>(x: &T) -> &ArgWithOrder<'a, 'b> { x }

impl<'b, 'c> DispOrder for App<'b, 'c> {
    fn disp_ord(&self) -> usize { 999 }
}

macro_rules! color {
    ($_self:ident, $s:expr, $c:ident) => {
        if $_self.color {
            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $_self.cizer.$c($s))
        } else {
            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $s)
        }
    };
    ($_self:ident, $fmt_s:expr, $v:expr, $c:ident) => {
        if $_self.color {
            write!($_self.writer, "{}", $_self.cizer.$c(format!($fmt_s, $v)))
        } else {
            write!($_self.writer, $fmt_s, $v)
        }
    };
}

/// `clap` Help Writer.
///
/// Wraps a writer stream providing different methods to generate help for `clap` objects.
pub struct Help<'a> {
    writer: &'a mut Write,
    next_line_help: bool,
    hide_pv: bool,
    term_w: usize,
    color: bool,
    cizer: Colorizer,
    longest: usize,
    force_next_line: bool,
}

// Public Functions
impl<'a> Help<'a> {
    /// Create a new `Help` instance.
    pub fn new(w: &'a mut Write,
               next_line_help: bool,
               hide_pv: bool,
               color: bool,
               cizer: Colorizer,
               term_w: Option<usize>,
               max_w: Option<usize>)
               -> Self {
        debugln!("Help::new;");
        Help {
            writer: w,
            next_line_help: next_line_help,
            hide_pv: hide_pv,
            term_w: match term_w {
                Some(width) => if width == 0 { usize::MAX } else { width },
                None => {
                    cmp::min(term_size::dimensions().map_or(120, |(w, _)| w),
                             match max_w {
                                 None | Some(0) => usize::MAX,
                                 Some(mw) => mw,
                             })
                }
            },
            color: color,
            cizer: cizer,
            longest: 0,
            force_next_line: false,
        }
    }

    /// Reads help settings from an App
    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
    pub fn write_app_help(w: &'a mut Write, app: &App) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_app_help;");
        Self::write_parser_help(w, &app.p)
    }

    /// Reads help settings from a Parser
    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream.
    pub fn write_parser_help(w: &'a mut Write, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
        Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, false)
    }

    /// Reads help settings from a Parser
    /// and write its help to the wrapped stream which will be stderr. This method prevents
    /// formatting when required.
    pub fn write_parser_help_to_stderr(w: &'a mut Write, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
        Self::_write_parser_help(w, parser, true)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn _write_parser_help(w: &'a mut Write, parser: &Parser, stderr: bool) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_parser_help;");
        let nlh = parser.is_set(AppSettings::NextLineHelp);
        let hide_v = parser.is_set(AppSettings::HidePossibleValuesInHelp);
        let color = parser.is_set(AppSettings::ColoredHelp);
        let cizer = Colorizer {
            use_stderr: stderr,
            when: parser.color(),
        };
        Self::new(w,
                  nlh,
                  hide_v,
                  color,
                  cizer,
                  parser.meta.term_w,
                  parser.meta.max_w)
            .write_help(parser)
    }

    /// Writes the parser help to the wrapped stream.
    pub fn write_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_help;");
        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.help_str {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", h).map_err(Error::from));
        } else if let Some(tmpl) = parser.meta.template {
            try!(self.write_templated_help(&parser, tmpl));
        } else {
            try!(self.write_default_help(&parser));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

// Methods to write AnyArg help.
impl<'a> Help<'a> {
    /// Writes help for each argument in the order they were declared to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_args_unsorted<'b: 'd, 'c: 'd, 'd, I: 'd>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
        where I: Iterator<Item = &'d ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>>
    {
        debugln!("Help::write_args_unsorted;");
        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
        self.longest = 2;
        let mut arg_v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
        for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
            !(arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden)) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
        }) {
            if arg.longest_filter() {
                self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, arg.to_string().len());
            }
            if !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) {
                arg_v.push(arg)
            }
        }
        let mut first = true;
        for arg in arg_v {
            if first {
                first = false;
            } else {
                try!(self.writer.write(b"\n"));
            }
            try!(self.write_arg(arg.as_base()));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sorts arguments by length and display order and write their help to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_args<'b: 'd, 'c: 'd, 'd, I: 'd>(&mut self, args: I) -> io::Result<()>
        where I: Iterator<Item = &'d ArgWithOrder<'b, 'c>>
    {
        debugln!("Help::write_args;");
        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
        self.longest = 2;
        let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
        // Determine the longest
        for arg in args.filter(|arg| {
            // If it's NextLineHelp, but we don't care to compute how long because it may be
            // NextLineHelp on purpose *because* it's so long and would throw off all other
            // args alignment
            !arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Hidden) || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp)
        }) {
            if arg.longest_filter() {
                debugln!("Help::write_args: Current Longest...{}", self.longest);
                self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, arg.to_string().len());
                debugln!("Help::write_args: New Longest...{}", self.longest);
            }
            let btm = ord_m.entry(arg.disp_ord()).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
            btm.insert(arg.name(), arg);
        }
        let mut first = true;
        for btm in ord_m.values() {
            for arg in btm.values() {
                if first {
                    first = false;
                } else {
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"\n"));
                }
                try!(self.write_arg(arg.as_base()));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes help for an argument to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_arg<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_arg;");
        try!(self.short(arg));
        try!(self.long(arg));
        let spec_vals = try!(self.val(arg));
        try!(self.help(arg, &*spec_vals));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes argument's short command to the wrapped stream.
    fn short<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::short;");
        try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB));
        if let Some(s) = arg.short() {
            color!(self, "-{}", s, good)
        } else if arg.has_switch() {
            write!(self.writer, "{}", TAB)
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Writes argument's long command to the wrapped stream.
    fn long<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::long;");
        if !arg.has_switch() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        if arg.takes_value() {
            if let Some(l) = arg.long() {
                if arg.short().is_some() {
                    try!(write!(self.writer, ", "));
                }
                try!(color!(self, "--{}", l, good))
            }
            try!(write!(self.writer, " "));
        } else if let Some(l) = arg.long() {
            if arg.short().is_some() {
                try!(write!(self.writer, ", "));
            }
            try!(color!(self, "--{}", l, good));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes argument's possible values to the wrapped stream.
    fn val<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
        debugln!("Help::val: arg={}", arg);
        if arg.takes_value() {
            if let Some(vec) = arg.val_names() {
                let mut it = vec.iter().peekable();
                while let Some((_, val)) = it.next() {
                    try!(color!(self, "<{}>", val, good));
                    if it.peek().is_some() {
                        try!(write!(self.writer, " "));
                    }
                }
                let num = vec.len();
                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
                    try!(color!(self, "...", good));
                }
            } else if let Some(num) = arg.num_vals() {
                let mut it = (0..num).peekable();
                while let Some(_) = it.next() {
                    try!(color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name(), good));
                    if it.peek().is_some() {
                        try!(write!(self.writer, " "));
                    }
                }
                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) && num == 1 {
                    try!(color!(self, "...", good));
                }
            } else if arg.has_switch() {
                try!(color!(self, "<{}>", arg.name(), good));
                if arg.is_set(ArgSettings::Multiple) {
                    try!(color!(self, "...", good));
                }
            } else {
                try!(color!(self, "{}", arg, good));
            }
        }

        let spec_vals = self.spec_vals(arg);
        let h = arg.help().unwrap_or("");
        let h_w = str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals);
        let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
        let taken = self.longest + 12;
        self.force_next_line = !nlh && self.term_w >= taken &&
                               (taken as f32 / self.term_w as f32) > 0.40 &&
                               h_w > (self.term_w - taken);

        debug!("Help::val: Has switch...");
        if arg.has_switch() {
            sdebugln!("Yes");
            debugln!("Help::val: force_next_line...{:?}", self.force_next_line);
            debugln!("Help::val: nlh...{:?}", nlh);
            debugln!("Help::val: taken...{}", taken);
            debugln!("Help::val: help_width > (width - taken)...{} > ({} - {})",
                     h_w,
                     self.term_w,
                     taken);
            debugln!("Help::val: longest...{}", self.longest);
            debug!("Help::val: next_line...");
            if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
                sdebugln!("No");
                let self_len = arg.to_string().len();
                // subtract ourself
                let mut spcs = self.longest - self_len;
                // Since we're writing spaces from the tab point we first need to know if we
                // had a long and short, or just short
                if arg.long().is_some() {
                    // Only account 4 after the val
                    spcs += 4;
                } else {
                    // Only account for ', --' + 4 after the val
                    spcs += 8;
                }

                write_nspaces!(self.writer, spcs);
            } else {
                sdebugln!("Yes");
            }
        } else if !(nlh || self.force_next_line) {
            sdebugln!("No, and not next_line");
            write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 4 - (arg.to_string().len()));
        } else {
            sdebugln!("No");
        }
        Ok(spec_vals)
    }

    fn write_before_after_help(&mut self, h: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help;");
        let mut help = String::new();
        // determine if our help fits or needs to wrap
        debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: Term width...{}", self.term_w);
        let too_long = str_width(h) >= self.term_w;

        debug!("Help::write_before_after_help: Too long...");
        if too_long || h.contains("{n}") {
            sdebugln!("Yes");
            help.push_str(h);
            debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: help: {}", help);
            debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: help width: {}", str_width(&*help));
            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
            debugln!("Help::write_before_after_help: Usable space: {}", self.term_w);
            let longest_w = {
                let mut lw = 0;
                for l in help.split(' ').map(|s| str_width(s)) {
                    if l > lw {
                        lw = l;
                    }
                }
                lw
            };
            help = help.replace("{n}", "\n");
            wrap_help(&mut help, longest_w, self.term_w);
        } else {
            sdebugln!("No");
        }
        let help = if !help.is_empty() {
            &*help
        } else {
            help.push_str(h);
            &*help
        };
        if help.contains('\n') {
            if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
                try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", part));
            }
            for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
                try!(write!(self.writer, "\n{}", part));
            }
        } else {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", help));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes argument's help to the wrapped stream.
    fn help<'b, 'c>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDisplay<'b, 'c>, spec_vals: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::help;");
        let mut help = String::new();
        let h = arg.help().unwrap_or("");
        let nlh = self.next_line_help || arg.is_set(ArgSettings::NextLineHelp);
        debugln!("Help::help: Next Line...{:?}", nlh);

        let spcs = if nlh || self.force_next_line {
            12 // "tab" * 3
        } else {
            self.longest + 12
        };

        let too_long = spcs + str_width(h) + str_width(&*spec_vals) >= self.term_w;

        // Is help on next line, if so then indent
        if nlh || self.force_next_line {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "\n{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
        }

        debug!("Help::help: Too long...");
        if too_long && spcs <= self.term_w || h.contains("{n}") {
            sdebugln!("Yes");
            help.push_str(h);
            help.push_str(&*spec_vals);
            debugln!("Help::help: help...{}", help);
            debugln!("Help::help: help width...{}", str_width(&*help));
            // Determine how many newlines we need to insert
            let avail_chars = self.term_w - spcs;
            debugln!("Help::help: Usable space...{}", avail_chars);
            let longest_w = {
                let mut lw = 0;
                for l in help.split(' ').map(|s| str_width(s)) {
                    if l > lw {
                        lw = l;
                    }
                }
                lw
            };
            help = help.replace("{n}", "\n");
            wrap_help(&mut help, longest_w, avail_chars);
        } else {
            sdebugln!("No");
        }
        let help = if !help.is_empty() {
            &*help
        } else if spec_vals.is_empty() {
            h
        } else {
            help.push_str(h);
            help.push_str(&*spec_vals);
            &*help
        };
        if help.contains('\n') {
            if let Some(part) = help.lines().next() {
                try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", part));
            }
            for part in help.lines().skip(1) {
                try!(write!(self.writer, "\n"));
                if nlh || self.force_next_line {
                    try!(write!(self.writer, "{}{}{}", TAB, TAB, TAB));
                } else if arg.has_switch() {
                    write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 12);
                } else {
                    write_nspaces!(self.writer, self.longest + 8);
                }
                try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", part));
            }
        } else {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", help));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn spec_vals(&self, a: &ArgWithDisplay) -> String {
        debugln!("Help::spec_vals: a={}", a);
        let mut spec_vals = vec![];
        if let Some(pv) = a.default_val() {
            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found default value...[{}]", pv);
            spec_vals.push(format!(" [default: {}]",
                                   if self.color {
                                       self.cizer.good(pv)
                                   } else {
                                       Format::None(pv)
                                   }));
        }
        if let Some(ref aliases) = a.aliases() {
            debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found aliases...{:?}", aliases);
            spec_vals.push(format!(" [aliases: {}]",
                                   if self.color {
                                       aliases.iter()
                                           .map(|v| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(v)))
                                           .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                                           .join(", ")
                                   } else {
                                       aliases.join(", ")
                                   }));
        }
        if !self.hide_pv && !a.is_set(ArgSettings::HidePossibleValues) {
            if let Some(pv) = a.possible_vals() {
                debugln!("Help::spec_vals: Found possible vals...{:?}", pv);
                spec_vals.push(if self.color {
                    format!(" [values: {}]",
                            pv.iter()
                                .map(|v| format!("{}", self.cizer.good(v)))
                                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                                .join(", "))
                } else {
                    format!(" [values: {}]", pv.join(", "))
                });
            }
        }
        spec_vals.join(" ")
    }
}


// Methods to write Parser help.
impl<'a> Help<'a> {
    /// Writes help for all arguments (options, flags, args, subcommands)
    /// including titles of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "lints", allow(useless_let_if_seq))]
    pub fn write_all_args(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_all_args;");
        let flags = parser.has_flags();
        let pos = parser.has_positionals();
        let opts = parser.has_opts();
        let subcmds = parser.has_subcommands();

        let unified_help = parser.is_set(AppSettings::UnifiedHelpMessage);

        let mut first = true;

        if unified_help && (flags || opts) {
            let opts_flags = parser.flags()
                .map(as_arg_trait)
                .chain(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait));
            try!(color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning));
            try!(self.write_args(opts_flags));
            first = false;
        } else {
            if flags {
                try!(color!(self, "FLAGS:\n", warning));
                try!(self.write_args(parser.flags()
                    .map(as_arg_trait)));
                first = false;
            }
            if opts {
                if !first {
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"\n\n"));
                }
                try!(color!(self, "OPTIONS:\n", warning));
                try!(self.write_args(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait)));
                first = false;
            }
        }

        if pos {
            if !first {
                try!(self.writer.write(b"\n\n"));
            }
            try!(color!(self, "ARGS:\n", warning));
            try!(self.write_args_unsorted(parser.positionals().map(as_arg_trait)));
            first = false;
        }

        if subcmds {
            if !first {
                try!(self.writer.write(b"\n\n"));
            }
            try!(color!(self, "SUBCOMMANDS:\n", warning));
            try!(self.write_subcommands(&parser));
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes help for subcommands of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_subcommands(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_subcommands;");
        // The shortest an arg can legally be is 2 (i.e. '-x')
        self.longest = 2;
        let mut ord_m = VecMap::new();
        for sc in parser.subcommands.iter().filter(|s| !s.p.is_set(AppSettings::Hidden)) {
            let btm = ord_m.entry(sc.p.meta.disp_ord).or_insert(BTreeMap::new());
            self.longest = cmp::max(self.longest, sc.p.meta.name.len());
            btm.insert(sc.p.meta.name.clone(), sc.clone());
        }

        let mut first = true;
        for btm in ord_m.values() {
            for sc in btm.values() {
                if first {
                    first = false;
                } else {
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"\n"));
                }
                try!(self.write_arg(sc));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes version of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_version(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_version;");
        try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", parser.meta.version.unwrap_or("".into())));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes binary name of a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
    fn write_bin_name(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> io::Result<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_bin_name;");
        if let Some(bn) = parser.meta.bin_name.as_ref() {
            if bn.contains(' ') {
                // Incase we're dealing with subcommands i.e. git mv is translated to git-mv
                try!(color!(self, bn.replace(" ", "-"), good))
            } else {
                try!(color!(self, &parser.meta.name[..], good))
            }
        } else {
            try!(color!(self, &parser.meta.name[..], good))
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Writes default help for a Parser Object to the wrapped stream.
    pub fn write_default_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_default_help;");
        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.pre_help {
            try!(self.write_before_after_help(h));
            try!(self.writer.write(b"\n\n"));
        }

        // Print the version
        try!(self.write_bin_name(&parser));
        try!(self.writer.write(b" "));
        try!(self.write_version(&parser));
        try!(self.writer.write(b"\n"));
        if let Some(author) = parser.meta.author {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "{}\n", author));
        }
        if let Some(about) = parser.meta.about {
            try!(write!(self.writer, "{}\n", about));
        }

        try!(color!(self, "\nUSAGE:", warning));
        try!(write!(self.writer,
                    "\n{}{}\n\n",
                    TAB,
                    parser.create_usage_no_title(&[])));

        let flags = parser.has_flags();
        let pos = parser.has_positionals();
        let opts = parser.has_opts();
        let subcmds = parser.has_subcommands();

        if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
            try!(self.write_all_args(&parser));
        }

        if let Some(h) = parser.meta.more_help {
            if flags || opts || pos || subcmds {
                try!(self.writer.write(b"\n\n"));
            }
            try!(self.write_before_after_help(h));
        }

        self.writer.flush().map_err(Error::from)
    }
}

/// Possible results for a copying function that stops when a given
/// byte was found.
enum CopyUntilResult {
    DelimiterFound(usize),
    DelimiterNotFound(usize),
    ReaderEmpty,
    ReadError(io::Error),
    WriteError(io::Error),
}

/// Copies the contents of a reader into a writer until a delimiter byte is found.
/// On success, the total number of bytes that were
/// copied from reader to writer is returned.
fn copy_until<R: Read, W: Write>(r: &mut R, w: &mut W, delimiter_byte: u8) -> CopyUntilResult {
    debugln!("copy_until;");

    let mut count = 0;
    for wb in r.bytes() {
        match wb {
            Ok(b) => {
                if b == delimiter_byte {
                    return CopyUntilResult::DelimiterFound(count);
                }
                match w.write(&[b]) {
                    Ok(c) => count += c,
                    Err(e) => return CopyUntilResult::WriteError(e),
                }
            }
            Err(e) => return CopyUntilResult::ReadError(e),
        }
    }
    if count > 0 {
        CopyUntilResult::DelimiterNotFound(count)
    } else {
        CopyUntilResult::ReaderEmpty
    }
}

/// Copies the contents of a reader into a writer until a {tag} is found,
/// copying the tag content to a buffer and returning its size.
/// In addition to errors, there are three possible outputs:
///   - None: The reader was consumed.
///   - Some(Ok(0)): No tag was captured but the reader still contains data.
///   - Some(Ok(length>0)): a tag with `length` was captured to the tag_buffer.
fn copy_and_capture<R: Read, W: Write>(r: &mut R,
                                       w: &mut W,
                                       tag_buffer: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>)
                                       -> Option<io::Result<usize>> {
    use self::CopyUntilResult::*;
    debugln!("copy_and_capture;");

    // Find the opening byte.
    match copy_until(r, w, b'{') {

        // The end of the reader was reached without finding the opening tag.
        // (either with or without having copied data to the writer)
        // Return None indicating that we are done.
        ReaderEmpty |
        DelimiterNotFound(_) => None,

        // Something went wrong.
        ReadError(e) | WriteError(e) => Some(Err(e)),

        // The opening byte was found.
        // (either with or without having copied data to the writer)
        DelimiterFound(_) => {

            // Lets reset the buffer first and find out how long it is.
            tag_buffer.set_position(0);
            let buffer_size = tag_buffer.get_ref().len();

            // Find the closing byte,limiting the reader to the length of the buffer.
            let mut rb = r.take(buffer_size as u64);
            match copy_until(&mut rb, tag_buffer, b'}') {

                // We were already at the end of the reader.
                // Return None indicating that we are done.
                ReaderEmpty => None,

                // The closing tag was found.
                // Return the tag_length.
                DelimiterFound(tag_length) => Some(Ok(tag_length)),

                // The end of the reader was found without finding the closing tag.
                // Write the opening byte and captured text to the writer.
                // Return 0 indicating that nothing was caputred but the reader still contains data.
                DelimiterNotFound(not_tag_length) => {
                    match w.write(b"{") {
                        Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
                        _ => {
                            match w.write(&tag_buffer.get_ref()[0..not_tag_length]) {
                                Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
                                _ => Some(Ok(0)),
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                ReadError(e) | WriteError(e) => Some(Err(e)),
            }
        }
    }
}


// Methods to write Parser help using templates.
impl<'a> Help<'a> {
    /// Write help to stream for the parser in the format defined by the template.
    ///
    /// Tags arg given inside curly brackets:
    /// Valid tags are:
    ///     * `{bin}`         - Binary name.
    ///     * `{version}`     - Version number.
    ///     * `{author}`      - Author information.
    ///     * `{usage}`       - Automatically generated or given usage string.
    ///     * `{all-args}`    - Help for all arguments (options, flags, positionals arguments,
    ///                         and subcommands) including titles.
    ///     * `{unified}`     - Unified help for options and flags.
    ///     * `{flags}`       - Help for flags.
    ///     * `{options}`     - Help for options.
    ///     * `{positionals}` - Help for positionals arguments.
    ///     * `{subcommands}` - Help for subcommands.
    ///     * `{after-help}`  - Info to be displayed after the help message.
    ///     * `{before-help}` - Info to be displayed before the help message.
    ///
    /// The template system is, on purpose, very simple. Therefore the tags have to writen
    /// in the lowercase and without spacing.
    fn write_templated_help(&mut self, parser: &Parser, template: &str) -> ClapResult<()> {
        debugln!("Help::write_templated_help;");
        let mut tmplr = Cursor::new(&template);
        let mut tag_buf = Cursor::new(vec![0u8; 15]);

        // The strategy is to copy the template from the the reader to wrapped stream
        // until a tag is found. Depending on its value, the appropriate content is copied
        // to the wrapped stream.
        // The copy from template is then resumed, repeating this sequence until reading
        // the complete template.

        loop {
            let tag_length = match copy_and_capture(&mut tmplr, &mut self.writer, &mut tag_buf) {
                None => return Ok(()),
                Some(Err(e)) => return Err(Error::from(e)),
                Some(Ok(val)) if val > 0 => val,
                _ => continue,
            };

            debugln!("Help::write_template_help:iter: tag_buf={};", unsafe {
                String::from_utf8_unchecked(tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length]
                    .iter()
                    .map(|&i| i)
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>())
            });
            match &tag_buf.get_ref()[0..tag_length] {
                b"?" => {
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"Could not decode tag name"));
                }
                b"bin" => {
                    try!(self.write_bin_name(&parser));
                }
                b"version" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer,
                                "{}",
                                parser.meta.version.unwrap_or("unknown version")));
                }
                b"author" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer,
                                "{}",
                                parser.meta.author.unwrap_or("unknown author")));
                }
                b"about" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer,
                                "{}",
                                parser.meta.about.unwrap_or("unknown about")));
                }
                b"usage" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer, "{}", parser.create_usage_no_title(&[])));
                }
                b"all-args" => {
                    try!(self.write_all_args(&parser));
                }
                b"unified" => {
                    let opts_flags = parser.flags()
                        .map(as_arg_trait)
                        .chain(parser.opts().map(as_arg_trait));
                    try!(self.write_args(opts_flags));
                }
                b"flags" => {
                    try!(self.write_args(parser.flags()
                        .map(as_arg_trait)));
                }
                b"options" => {
                    try!(self.write_args(parser.opts()
                        .map(as_arg_trait)));
                }
                b"positionals" => {
                    try!(self.write_args(parser.positionals()
                        .map(as_arg_trait)));
                }
                b"subcommands" => {
                    try!(self.write_subcommands(&parser));
                }
                b"after-help" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer,
                                "{}",
                                parser.meta.more_help.unwrap_or("unknown after-help")));
                }
                b"before-help" => {
                    try!(write!(self.writer,
                                "{}",
                                parser.meta.pre_help.unwrap_or("unknown before-help")));
                }
                // Unknown tag, write it back.
                r => {
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"{"));
                    try!(self.writer.write(r));
                    try!(self.writer.write(b"}"));
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn wrap_help(help: &mut String, longest_w: usize, avail_chars: usize) {
    debugln!("Help::wrap_help: longest_w={}, avail_chars={}",
             longest_w,
             avail_chars);
    debug!("Help::wrap_help: Enough space to wrap...");
    if longest_w < avail_chars {
        sdebugln!("Yes");
        let mut prev_space = 0;
        let mut j = 0;
        for (idx, g) in (&*help.clone()).grapheme_indices(true) {
            debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: idx={}, g={}", idx, g);
            if g == "\n" {
                debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Newline found...");
                debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Still space...{:?}", str_width(&help[j..idx]) < avail_chars);
                if str_width(&help[j..idx]) < avail_chars {
                    j = idx;
                    continue;
                }
            } else if g != " " {
                if idx != help.len() - 1 || str_width(&help[j..idx]) < avail_chars {
                    continue;
                }
                debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Reached the end of the line and we're over...");
            } else if str_width(&help[j..idx]) < avail_chars {
                debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Space found with room...");
                prev_space = idx;
                continue;
            }
            debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Adding Newline...");
            j = prev_space;
            debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: prev_space={}, j={}", prev_space, j);
            debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Removing...{}", j);
            debugln!("Help::wrap_help:iter: Char at {}...{}", j, &help[j..j]);
            help.remove(j);
            help.insert(j, '\n');
        }
    } else {
        sdebugln!("No");
    }
}