//! Types for declaring and storing [`Component`]s.

use crate::{
    self as bevy_ecs,
    archetype::ArchetypeFlags,
    change_detection::MAX_CHANGE_AGE,
    entity::Entity,
    storage::{SparseSetIndex, Storages},
    system::{Local, Resource, SystemParam},
    world::{DeferredWorld, FromWorld, World},
};
pub use bevy_ecs_macros::Component;
use bevy_ptr::{OwningPtr, UnsafeCellDeref};
#[cfg(feature = "bevy_reflect")]
use bevy_reflect::Reflect;
use bevy_utils::TypeIdMap;
use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
use std::{
    alloc::Layout,
    any::{Any, TypeId},
    borrow::Cow,
    marker::PhantomData,
    mem::needs_drop,
    ops::Deref,
};

/// A data type that can be used to store data for an [entity].
///
/// `Component` is a [derivable trait]: this means that a data type can implement it by applying a `#[derive(Component)]` attribute to it.
/// However, components must always satisfy the `Send + Sync + 'static` trait bounds.
///
/// [entity]: crate::entity
/// [derivable trait]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Components can take many forms: they are usually structs, but can also be of every other kind of data type, like enums or zero sized types.
/// The following examples show how components are laid out in code.
///
/// ```
/// # use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
/// # struct Color;
/// #
/// // A component can contain data...
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct LicensePlate(String);
///
/// // ... but it can also be a zero-sized marker.
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct Car;
///
/// // Components can also be structs with named fields...
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct VehiclePerformance {
///     acceleration: f32,
///     top_speed: f32,
///     handling: f32,
/// }
///
/// // ... or enums.
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// enum WheelCount {
///     Two,
///     Three,
///     Four,
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Component and data access
///
/// See the [`entity`] module level documentation to learn how to add or remove components from an entity.
///
/// See the documentation for [`Query`] to learn how to access component data from a system.
///
/// [`entity`]: crate::entity#usage
/// [`Query`]: crate::system::Query
///
/// # Choosing a storage type
///
/// Components can be stored in the world using different strategies with their own performance implications.
/// By default, components are added to the [`Table`] storage, which is optimized for query iteration.
///
/// Alternatively, components can be added to the [`SparseSet`] storage, which is optimized for component insertion and removal.
/// This is achieved by adding an additional `#[component(storage = "SparseSet")]` attribute to the derive one:
///
/// ```
/// # use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
/// #
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// #[component(storage = "SparseSet")]
/// struct ComponentA;
/// ```
///
/// [`Table`]: crate::storage::Table
/// [`SparseSet`]: crate::storage::SparseSet
///
/// # Implementing the trait for foreign types
///
/// As a consequence of the [orphan rule], it is not possible to separate into two different crates the implementation of `Component` from the definition of a type.
/// This means that it is not possible to directly have a type defined in a third party library as a component.
/// This important limitation can be easily worked around using the [newtype pattern]:
/// this makes it possible to locally define and implement `Component` for a tuple struct that wraps the foreign type.
/// The following example gives a demonstration of this pattern.
///
/// ```
/// // `Component` is defined in the `bevy_ecs` crate.
/// use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
///
/// // `Duration` is defined in the `std` crate.
/// use std::time::Duration;
///
/// // It is not possible to implement `Component` for `Duration` from this position, as they are
/// // both foreign items, defined in an external crate. However, nothing prevents to define a new
/// // `Cooldown` type that wraps `Duration`. As `Cooldown` is defined in a local crate, it is
/// // possible to implement `Component` for it.
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct Cooldown(Duration);
/// ```
///
/// [orphan rule]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html#implementing-a-trait-on-a-type
/// [newtype pattern]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-03-advanced-traits.html#using-the-newtype-pattern-to-implement-external-traits-on-external-types
///
/// # `!Sync` Components
/// A `!Sync` type cannot implement `Component`. However, it is possible to wrap a `Send` but not `Sync`
/// type in [`SyncCell`] or the currently unstable [`Exclusive`] to make it `Sync`. This forces only
/// having mutable access (`&mut T` only, never `&T`), but makes it safe to reference across multiple
/// threads.
///
/// This will fail to compile since `RefCell` is `!Sync`.
/// ```compile_fail
/// # use std::cell::RefCell;
/// # use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct NotSync {
///    counter: RefCell<usize>,
/// }
/// ```
///
/// This will compile since the `RefCell` is wrapped with `SyncCell`.
/// ```
/// # use std::cell::RefCell;
/// # use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
/// use bevy_utils::synccell::SyncCell;
///
/// // This will compile.
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct ActuallySync {
///    counter: SyncCell<RefCell<usize>>,
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [`SyncCell`]: bevy_utils::synccell::SyncCell
/// [`Exclusive`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.Exclusive.html
pub trait Component: Send + Sync + 'static {
    /// A constant indicating the storage type used for this component.
    const STORAGE_TYPE: StorageType;

    /// Called when registering this component, allowing mutable access to its [`ComponentHooks`].
    fn register_component_hooks(_hooks: &mut ComponentHooks) {}
}

/// The storage used for a specific component type.
///
/// # Examples
/// The [`StorageType`] for a component is configured via the derive attribute
///
/// ```
/// # use bevy_ecs::{prelude::*, component::*};
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// #[component(storage = "SparseSet")]
/// struct A;
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum StorageType {
    /// Provides fast and cache-friendly iteration, but slower addition and removal of components.
    /// This is the default storage type.
    #[default]
    Table,
    /// Provides fast addition and removal of components, but slower iteration.
    SparseSet,
}

/// The type used for [`Component`] lifecycle hooks such as `on_add`, `on_insert` or `on_remove`
pub type ComponentHook = for<'w> fn(DeferredWorld<'w>, Entity, ComponentId);

/// [`World`]-mutating functions that run as part of lifecycle events of a [`Component`].
///
/// Hooks are functions that run when a component is added, overwritten, or removed from an entity.
/// These are intended to be used for structural side effects that need to happen when a component is added or removed,
/// and are not intended for general-purpose logic.
///
/// For example, you might use a hook to update a cached index when a component is added,
/// to clean up resources when a component is removed,
/// or to keep hierarchical data structures across entities in sync.
///
/// This information is stored in the [`ComponentInfo`] of the associated component.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
/// use bevy_utils::HashSet;
///
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct MyTrackedComponent;
///
/// #[derive(Resource, Default)]
/// struct TrackedEntities(HashSet<Entity>);
///
/// let mut world = World::new();
/// world.init_resource::<TrackedEntities>();
///
/// // No entities with `MyTrackedComponent` have been added yet, so we can safely add component hooks
/// let mut tracked_component_query = world.query::<&MyTrackedComponent>();
/// assert!(tracked_component_query.iter(&world).next().is_none());
///
/// world.register_component_hooks::<MyTrackedComponent>().on_add(|mut world, entity, _component_id| {
///    let mut tracked_entities = world.resource_mut::<TrackedEntities>();
///   tracked_entities.0.insert(entity);
/// });
///
/// world.register_component_hooks::<MyTrackedComponent>().on_remove(|mut world, entity, _component_id| {
///   let mut tracked_entities = world.resource_mut::<TrackedEntities>();
///   tracked_entities.0.remove(&entity);
/// });
///
/// let entity = world.spawn(MyTrackedComponent).id();
/// let tracked_entities = world.resource::<TrackedEntities>();
/// assert!(tracked_entities.0.contains(&entity));
///
/// world.despawn(entity);
/// let tracked_entities = world.resource::<TrackedEntities>();
/// assert!(!tracked_entities.0.contains(&entity));
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ComponentHooks {
    pub(crate) on_add: Option<ComponentHook>,
    pub(crate) on_insert: Option<ComponentHook>,
    pub(crate) on_remove: Option<ComponentHook>,
}

impl ComponentHooks {
    /// Register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is added to an entity.
    /// An `on_add` hook will always run before `on_insert` hooks. Spawning an entity counts as
    /// adding all of its components.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Will panic if the component already has an `on_add` hook
    pub fn on_add(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> &mut Self {
        self.try_on_add(hook)
            .expect("Component id: {:?}, already has an on_add hook")
    }

    /// Register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is added (with `.insert`)
    /// or replaced.
    ///
    /// An `on_insert` hook always runs after any `on_add` hooks (if the entity didn't already have the component).
    ///
    /// # Warning
    ///
    /// The hook won't run if the component is already present and is only mutated, such as in a system via a query.
    /// As a result, this is *not* an appropriate mechanism for reliably updating indexes and other caches.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Will panic if the component already has an `on_insert` hook
    pub fn on_insert(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> &mut Self {
        self.try_on_insert(hook)
            .expect("Component id: {:?}, already has an on_insert hook")
    }

    /// Register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is removed from an entity.
    /// Despawning an entity counts as removing all of its components.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Will panic if the component already has an `on_remove` hook
    pub fn on_remove(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> &mut Self {
        self.try_on_remove(hook)
            .expect("Component id: {:?}, already has an on_remove hook")
    }

    /// Attempt to register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is added to an entity.
    ///
    /// This is a fallible version of [`Self::on_add`].
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the component already has an `on_add` hook.
    pub fn try_on_add(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> Option<&mut Self> {
        if self.on_add.is_some() {
            return None;
        }
        self.on_add = Some(hook);
        Some(self)
    }

    /// Attempt to register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is added (with `.insert`)
    ///
    /// This is a fallible version of [`Self::on_insert`].
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the component already has an `on_insert` hook.
    pub fn try_on_insert(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> Option<&mut Self> {
        if self.on_insert.is_some() {
            return None;
        }
        self.on_insert = Some(hook);
        Some(self)
    }

    /// Attempt to register a [`ComponentHook`] that will be run when this component is removed from an entity.
    ///
    /// This is a fallible version of [`Self::on_remove`].
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the component already has an `on_remove` hook.
    pub fn try_on_remove(&mut self, hook: ComponentHook) -> Option<&mut Self> {
        if self.on_remove.is_some() {
            return None;
        }
        self.on_remove = Some(hook);
        Some(self)
    }
}

/// Stores metadata for a type of component or resource stored in a specific [`World`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ComponentInfo {
    id: ComponentId,
    descriptor: ComponentDescriptor,
    hooks: ComponentHooks,
}

impl ComponentInfo {
    /// Returns a value uniquely identifying the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn id(&self) -> ComponentId {
        self.id
    }

    /// Returns the name of the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.descriptor.name
    }

    /// Returns the [`TypeId`] of the underlying component type.
    /// Returns `None` if the component does not correspond to a Rust type.
    #[inline]
    pub fn type_id(&self) -> Option<TypeId> {
        self.descriptor.type_id
    }

    /// Returns the layout used to store values of this component in memory.
    #[inline]
    pub fn layout(&self) -> Layout {
        self.descriptor.layout
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get the function which should be called to clean up values of
    /// the underlying component type. This maps to the
    /// [`Drop`] implementation for 'normal' Rust components
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if values of the underlying component type don't
    /// need to be dropped, e.g. as reported by [`needs_drop`].
    pub fn drop(&self) -> Option<unsafe fn(OwningPtr<'_>)> {
        self.descriptor.drop
    }

    /// Returns a value indicating the storage strategy for the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn storage_type(&self) -> StorageType {
        self.descriptor.storage_type
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the underlying component type can be freely shared between threads.
    /// If this returns `false`, then extra care must be taken to ensure that components
    /// are not accessed from the wrong thread.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_send_and_sync(&self) -> bool {
        self.descriptor.is_send_and_sync
    }

    /// Create a new [`ComponentInfo`].
    pub(crate) fn new(id: ComponentId, descriptor: ComponentDescriptor) -> Self {
        ComponentInfo {
            id,
            descriptor,
            hooks: ComponentHooks::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Update the given flags to include any [`ComponentHook`] registered to self
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn update_archetype_flags(&self, flags: &mut ArchetypeFlags) {
        if self.hooks().on_add.is_some() {
            flags.insert(ArchetypeFlags::ON_ADD_HOOK);
        }
        if self.hooks().on_insert.is_some() {
            flags.insert(ArchetypeFlags::ON_INSERT_HOOK);
        }
        if self.hooks().on_remove.is_some() {
            flags.insert(ArchetypeFlags::ON_REMOVE_HOOK);
        }
    }

    /// Provides a reference to the collection of hooks associated with this [`Component`]
    pub fn hooks(&self) -> &ComponentHooks {
        &self.hooks
    }
}

/// A value which uniquely identifies the type of a [`Component`] of [`Resource`] within a
/// [`World`].
///
/// Each time a new `Component` type is registered within a `World` using
/// e.g. [`World::init_component`] or [`World::init_component_with_descriptor`]
/// or a Resource with e.g. [`World::init_resource`],
/// a corresponding `ComponentId` is created to track it.
///
/// While the distinction between `ComponentId` and [`TypeId`] may seem superficial, breaking them
/// into two separate but related concepts allows components to exist outside of Rust's type system.
/// Each Rust type registered as a `Component` will have a corresponding `ComponentId`, but additional
/// `ComponentId`s may exist in a `World` to track components which cannot be
/// represented as Rust types for scripting or other advanced use-cases.
///
/// A `ComponentId` is tightly coupled to its parent `World`. Attempting to use a `ComponentId` from
/// one `World` to access the metadata of a `Component` in a different `World` is undefined behavior
/// and must not be attempted.
///
/// Given a type `T` which implements [`Component`], the `ComponentId` for `T` can be retrieved
/// from a `World` using [`World::component_id()`] or via [`Components::component_id()`]. Access
/// to the `ComponentId` for a [`Resource`] is available via [`Components::resource_id()`].
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "bevy_reflect",
    derive(Reflect),
    reflect(Debug, Hash, PartialEq)
)]
pub struct ComponentId(usize);

impl ComponentId {
    /// Creates a new [`ComponentId`].
    ///
    /// The `index` is a unique value associated with each type of component in a given world.
    /// Usually, this value is taken from a counter incremented for each type of component registered with the world.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn new(index: usize) -> ComponentId {
        ComponentId(index)
    }

    /// Returns the index of the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn index(self) -> usize {
        self.0
    }
}

impl SparseSetIndex for ComponentId {
    #[inline]
    fn sparse_set_index(&self) -> usize {
        self.index()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn get_sparse_set_index(value: usize) -> Self {
        Self(value)
    }
}

/// A value describing a component or resource, which may or may not correspond to a Rust type.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ComponentDescriptor {
    name: Cow<'static, str>,
    // SAFETY: This must remain private. It must match the statically known StorageType of the
    // associated rust component type if one exists.
    storage_type: StorageType,
    // SAFETY: This must remain private. It must only be set to "true" if this component is
    // actually Send + Sync
    is_send_and_sync: bool,
    type_id: Option<TypeId>,
    layout: Layout,
    // SAFETY: this function must be safe to call with pointers pointing to items of the type
    // this descriptor describes.
    // None if the underlying type doesn't need to be dropped
    drop: Option<for<'a> unsafe fn(OwningPtr<'a>)>,
}

// We need to ignore the `drop` field in our `Debug` impl
impl std::fmt::Debug for ComponentDescriptor {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ComponentDescriptor")
            .field("name", &self.name)
            .field("storage_type", &self.storage_type)
            .field("is_send_and_sync", &self.is_send_and_sync)
            .field("type_id", &self.type_id)
            .field("layout", &self.layout)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl ComponentDescriptor {
    /// # SAFETY
    ///
    /// `x` must points to a valid value of type `T`.
    unsafe fn drop_ptr<T>(x: OwningPtr<'_>) {
        // SAFETY: Contract is required to be upheld by the caller.
        unsafe {
            x.drop_as::<T>();
        }
    }

    /// Create a new `ComponentDescriptor` for the type `T`.
    pub fn new<T: Component>() -> Self {
        Self {
            name: Cow::Borrowed(std::any::type_name::<T>()),
            storage_type: T::STORAGE_TYPE,
            is_send_and_sync: true,
            type_id: Some(TypeId::of::<T>()),
            layout: Layout::new::<T>(),
            drop: needs_drop::<T>().then_some(Self::drop_ptr::<T> as _),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new `ComponentDescriptor`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    /// - the `drop` fn must be usable on a pointer with a value of the layout `layout`
    /// - the component type must be safe to access from any thread (Send + Sync in rust terms)
    pub unsafe fn new_with_layout(
        name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
        storage_type: StorageType,
        layout: Layout,
        drop: Option<for<'a> unsafe fn(OwningPtr<'a>)>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            name: name.into(),
            storage_type,
            is_send_and_sync: true,
            type_id: None,
            layout,
            drop,
        }
    }

    /// Create a new `ComponentDescriptor` for a resource.
    ///
    /// The [`StorageType`] for resources is always [`StorageType::Table`].
    pub fn new_resource<T: Resource>() -> Self {
        Self {
            name: Cow::Borrowed(std::any::type_name::<T>()),
            // PERF: `SparseStorage` may actually be a more
            // reasonable choice as `storage_type` for resources.
            storage_type: StorageType::Table,
            is_send_and_sync: true,
            type_id: Some(TypeId::of::<T>()),
            layout: Layout::new::<T>(),
            drop: needs_drop::<T>().then_some(Self::drop_ptr::<T> as _),
        }
    }

    fn new_non_send<T: Any>(storage_type: StorageType) -> Self {
        Self {
            name: Cow::Borrowed(std::any::type_name::<T>()),
            storage_type,
            is_send_and_sync: false,
            type_id: Some(TypeId::of::<T>()),
            layout: Layout::new::<T>(),
            drop: needs_drop::<T>().then_some(Self::drop_ptr::<T> as _),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a value indicating the storage strategy for the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn storage_type(&self) -> StorageType {
        self.storage_type
    }

    /// Returns the [`TypeId`] of the underlying component type.
    /// Returns `None` if the component does not correspond to a Rust type.
    #[inline]
    pub fn type_id(&self) -> Option<TypeId> {
        self.type_id
    }

    /// Returns the name of the current component.
    #[inline]
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        self.name.as_ref()
    }
}

/// Stores metadata associated with each kind of [`Component`] in a given [`World`].
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct Components {
    components: Vec<ComponentInfo>,
    indices: TypeIdMap<ComponentId>,
    resource_indices: TypeIdMap<ComponentId>,
}

impl Components {
    /// Initializes a component of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a component of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing component.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::component_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::init_component_with_descriptor()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_component<T: Component>(&mut self, storages: &mut Storages) -> ComponentId {
        let type_id = TypeId::of::<T>();

        let Components {
            indices,
            components,
            ..
        } = self;
        *indices.entry(type_id).or_insert_with(|| {
            let index = Components::init_component_inner(
                components,
                storages,
                ComponentDescriptor::new::<T>(),
            );
            T::register_component_hooks(&mut components[index.index()].hooks);
            index
        })
    }

    /// Initializes a component described by `descriptor`.
    ///
    /// ## Note
    ///
    /// If this method is called multiple times with identical descriptors, a distinct `ComponentId`
    /// will be created for each one.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::component_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::init_component()`]
    pub fn init_component_with_descriptor(
        &mut self,
        storages: &mut Storages,
        descriptor: ComponentDescriptor,
    ) -> ComponentId {
        Components::init_component_inner(&mut self.components, storages, descriptor)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn init_component_inner(
        components: &mut Vec<ComponentInfo>,
        storages: &mut Storages,
        descriptor: ComponentDescriptor,
    ) -> ComponentId {
        let component_id = ComponentId(components.len());
        let info = ComponentInfo::new(component_id, descriptor);
        if info.descriptor.storage_type == StorageType::SparseSet {
            storages.sparse_sets.get_or_insert(&info);
        }
        components.push(info);
        component_id
    }

    /// Returns the number of components registered with this instance.
    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.components.len()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if there are no components registered with this instance. Otherwise, this returns `false`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.components.len() == 0
    }

    /// Gets the metadata associated with the given component.
    ///
    /// This will return an incorrect result if `id` did not come from the same world as `self`. It may return `None` or a garbage value.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_info(&self, id: ComponentId) -> Option<&ComponentInfo> {
        self.components.get(id.0)
    }

    /// Returns the name associated with the given component.
    ///
    /// This will return an incorrect result if `id` did not come from the same world as `self`. It may return `None` or a garbage value.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_name(&self, id: ComponentId) -> Option<&str> {
        self.get_info(id).map(|descriptor| descriptor.name())
    }

    /// Gets the metadata associated with the given component.
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// `id` must be a valid [`ComponentId`]
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn get_info_unchecked(&self, id: ComponentId) -> &ComponentInfo {
        debug_assert!(id.index() < self.components.len());
        // SAFETY: The caller ensures `id` is valid.
        unsafe { self.components.get_unchecked(id.0) }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn get_hooks_mut(&mut self, id: ComponentId) -> Option<&mut ComponentHooks> {
        self.components.get_mut(id.0).map(|info| &mut info.hooks)
    }

    /// Type-erased equivalent of [`Components::component_id()`].
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> Option<ComponentId> {
        self.indices.get(&type_id).copied()
    }

    /// Returns the [`ComponentId`] of the given [`Component`] type `T`.
    ///
    /// The returned `ComponentId` is specific to the `Components` instance
    /// it was retrieved from and should not be used with another `Components`
    /// instance.
    ///
    /// Returns [`None`] if the `Component` type has not
    /// yet been initialized using [`Components::init_component()`].
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
    ///
    /// let mut world = World::new();
    ///
    /// #[derive(Component)]
    /// struct ComponentA;
    ///
    /// let component_a_id = world.init_component::<ComponentA>();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(component_a_id, world.components().component_id::<ComponentA>().unwrap())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::get_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::resource_id()`]
    /// * [`World::component_id()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn component_id<T: Component>(&self) -> Option<ComponentId> {
        self.get_id(TypeId::of::<T>())
    }

    /// Type-erased equivalent of [`Components::resource_id()`].
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_resource_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> Option<ComponentId> {
        self.resource_indices.get(&type_id).copied()
    }

    /// Returns the [`ComponentId`] of the given [`Resource`] type `T`.
    ///
    /// The returned `ComponentId` is specific to the `Components` instance
    /// it was retrieved from and should not be used with another `Components`
    /// instance.
    ///
    /// Returns [`None`] if the `Resource` type has not
    /// yet been initialized using [`Components::init_resource()`].
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
    ///
    /// let mut world = World::new();
    ///
    /// #[derive(Resource, Default)]
    /// struct ResourceA;
    ///
    /// let resource_a_id = world.init_resource::<ResourceA>();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(resource_a_id, world.components().resource_id::<ResourceA>().unwrap())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::component_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::get_resource_id()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn resource_id<T: Resource>(&self) -> Option<ComponentId> {
        self.get_resource_id(TypeId::of::<T>())
    }

    /// Initializes a [`Resource`] of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a resource of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing resource.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::resource_id()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_resource<T: Resource>(&mut self) -> ComponentId {
        // SAFETY: The [`ComponentDescriptor`] matches the [`TypeId`]
        unsafe {
            self.get_or_insert_resource_with(TypeId::of::<T>(), || {
                ComponentDescriptor::new_resource::<T>()
            })
        }
    }

    /// Initializes a [non-send resource](crate::system::NonSend) of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a resource of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing resource.
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_non_send<T: Any>(&mut self) -> ComponentId {
        // SAFETY: The [`ComponentDescriptor`] matches the [`TypeId`]
        unsafe {
            self.get_or_insert_resource_with(TypeId::of::<T>(), || {
                ComponentDescriptor::new_non_send::<T>(StorageType::default())
            })
        }
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// The [`ComponentDescriptor`] must match the [`TypeId`]
    #[inline]
    unsafe fn get_or_insert_resource_with(
        &mut self,
        type_id: TypeId,
        func: impl FnOnce() -> ComponentDescriptor,
    ) -> ComponentId {
        let components = &mut self.components;
        *self.resource_indices.entry(type_id).or_insert_with(|| {
            let descriptor = func();
            let component_id = ComponentId(components.len());
            components.push(ComponentInfo::new(component_id, descriptor));
            component_id
        })
    }

    /// Gets an iterator over all components registered with this instance.
    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ComponentInfo> + '_ {
        self.components.iter()
    }
}

/// A wrapper over a mutable [`Components`] reference that allows for state initialization.
/// This can be obtained with [`World::component_initializer`].
pub struct ComponentInitializer<'w> {
    pub(crate) components: &'w mut Components,
    pub(crate) storages: &'w mut Storages,
}

impl<'w> Deref for ComponentInitializer<'w> {
    type Target = Components;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Components {
        self.components
    }
}

impl<'w> ComponentInitializer<'w> {
    /// Initializes a component of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a component of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing component.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::component_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::init_component_with_descriptor()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_component<T: Component>(&mut self) -> ComponentId {
        self.components.init_component::<T>(self.storages)
    }

    /// Initializes a component described by `descriptor`.
    ///
    /// ## Note
    ///
    /// If this method is called multiple times with identical descriptors, a distinct `ComponentId`
    /// will be created for each one.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::component_id()`]
    /// * [`Components::init_component()`]
    pub fn init_component_with_descriptor(
        &mut self,
        descriptor: ComponentDescriptor,
    ) -> ComponentId {
        self.components
            .init_component_with_descriptor(self.storages, descriptor)
    }

    /// Initializes a [`Resource`] of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a resource of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing resource.
    ///
    /// # See also
    ///
    /// * [`Components::resource_id()`]
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_resource<T: Resource>(&mut self) -> ComponentId {
        self.components.init_resource::<T>()
    }

    /// Initializes a [non-send resource](crate::system::NonSend) of type `T` with this instance.
    /// If a resource of this type has already been initialized, this will return
    /// the ID of the pre-existing resource.
    #[inline]
    pub fn init_non_send<T: Any>(&mut self) -> ComponentId {
        self.components.init_non_send::<T>()
    }
}

/// A value that tracks when a system ran relative to other systems.
/// This is used to power change detection.
///
/// *Note* that a system that hasn't been run yet has a `Tick` of 0.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "bevy_reflect", derive(Reflect), reflect(Debug, PartialEq))]
pub struct Tick {
    tick: u32,
}

impl Tick {
    /// The maximum relative age for a change tick.
    /// The value of this is equal to [`MAX_CHANGE_AGE`].
    ///
    /// Since change detection will not work for any ticks older than this,
    /// ticks are periodically scanned to ensure their relative values are below this.
    pub const MAX: Self = Self::new(MAX_CHANGE_AGE);

    /// Creates a new [`Tick`] wrapping the given value.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn new(tick: u32) -> Self {
        Self { tick }
    }

    /// Gets the value of this change tick.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn get(self) -> u32 {
        self.tick
    }

    /// Sets the value of this change tick.
    #[inline]
    pub fn set(&mut self, tick: u32) {
        self.tick = tick;
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this `Tick` occurred since the system's `last_run`.
    ///
    /// `this_run` is the current tick of the system, used as a reference to help deal with wraparound.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_newer_than(self, last_run: Tick, this_run: Tick) -> bool {
        // This works even with wraparound because the world tick (`this_run`) is always "newer" than
        // `last_run` and `self.tick`, and we scan periodically to clamp `ComponentTicks` values
        // so they never get older than `u32::MAX` (the difference would overflow).
        //
        // The clamp here ensures determinism (since scans could differ between app runs).
        let ticks_since_insert = this_run.relative_to(self).tick.min(MAX_CHANGE_AGE);
        let ticks_since_system = this_run.relative_to(last_run).tick.min(MAX_CHANGE_AGE);

        ticks_since_system > ticks_since_insert
    }

    /// Returns a change tick representing the relationship between `self` and `other`.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn relative_to(self, other: Self) -> Self {
        let tick = self.tick.wrapping_sub(other.tick);
        Self { tick }
    }

    /// Wraps this change tick's value if it exceeds [`Tick::MAX`].
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if wrapping was performed. Otherwise, returns `false`.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn check_tick(&mut self, tick: Tick) -> bool {
        let age = tick.relative_to(*self);
        // This comparison assumes that `age` has not overflowed `u32::MAX` before, which will be true
        // so long as this check always runs before that can happen.
        if age.get() > Self::MAX.get() {
            *self = tick.relative_to(Self::MAX);
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
}

/// Interior-mutable access to the [`Tick`]s for a single component or resource.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct TickCells<'a> {
    /// The tick indicating when the value was added to the world.
    pub added: &'a UnsafeCell<Tick>,
    /// The tick indicating the last time the value was modified.
    pub changed: &'a UnsafeCell<Tick>,
}

impl<'a> TickCells<'a> {
    /// # Safety
    /// All cells contained within must uphold the safety invariants of [`UnsafeCellDeref::read`].
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) unsafe fn read(&self) -> ComponentTicks {
        ComponentTicks {
            // SAFETY: The callers uphold the invariants for `read`.
            added: unsafe { self.added.read() },
            // SAFETY: The callers uphold the invariants for `read`.
            changed: unsafe { self.changed.read() },
        }
    }
}

/// Records when a component or resource was added and when it was last mutably dereferenced (or added).
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "bevy_reflect", derive(Reflect), reflect(Debug))]
pub struct ComponentTicks {
    pub(crate) added: Tick,
    pub(crate) changed: Tick,
}

impl ComponentTicks {
    /// Returns `true` if the component or resource was added after the system last ran
    /// (or the system is running for the first time).
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_added(&self, last_run: Tick, this_run: Tick) -> bool {
        self.added.is_newer_than(last_run, this_run)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the component or resource was added or mutably dereferenced after the system last ran
    /// (or the system is running for the first time).
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_changed(&self, last_run: Tick, this_run: Tick) -> bool {
        self.changed.is_newer_than(last_run, this_run)
    }

    /// Returns the tick recording the time this component or resource was most recently changed.
    #[inline]
    pub fn last_changed_tick(&self) -> Tick {
        self.changed
    }

    /// Returns the tick recording the time this component or resource was added.
    #[inline]
    pub fn added_tick(&self) -> Tick {
        self.added
    }

    pub(crate) fn new(change_tick: Tick) -> Self {
        Self {
            added: change_tick,
            changed: change_tick,
        }
    }

    /// Manually sets the change tick.
    ///
    /// This is normally done automatically via the [`DerefMut`](std::ops::DerefMut) implementation
    /// on [`Mut<T>`](crate::change_detection::Mut), [`ResMut<T>`](crate::change_detection::ResMut), etc.
    /// However, components and resources that make use of interior mutability might require manual updates.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```no_run
    /// # use bevy_ecs::{world::World, component::ComponentTicks};
    /// let world: World = unimplemented!();
    /// let component_ticks: ComponentTicks = unimplemented!();
    ///
    /// component_ticks.set_changed(world.read_change_tick());
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub fn set_changed(&mut self, change_tick: Tick) {
        self.changed = change_tick;
    }
}

/// A [`SystemParam`] that provides access to the [`ComponentId`] for a specific component type.
///
/// # Example
/// ```
/// # use bevy_ecs::{system::Local, component::{Component, ComponentId, ComponentIdFor}};
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct Player;
/// fn my_system(component_id: ComponentIdFor<Player>) {
///     let component_id: ComponentId = component_id.get();
///     // ...
/// }
/// ```
#[derive(SystemParam)]
pub struct ComponentIdFor<'s, T: Component>(Local<'s, InitComponentId<T>>);

impl<T: Component> ComponentIdFor<'_, T> {
    /// Gets the [`ComponentId`] for the type `T`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get(&self) -> ComponentId {
        **self
    }
}

impl<T: Component> std::ops::Deref for ComponentIdFor<'_, T> {
    type Target = ComponentId;
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.0.component_id
    }
}

impl<T: Component> From<ComponentIdFor<'_, T>> for ComponentId {
    #[inline]
    fn from(to_component_id: ComponentIdFor<T>) -> ComponentId {
        *to_component_id
    }
}

/// Initializes the [`ComponentId`] for a specific type when used with [`FromWorld`].
struct InitComponentId<T: Component> {
    component_id: ComponentId,
    marker: PhantomData<T>,
}

impl<T: Component> FromWorld for InitComponentId<T> {
    fn from_world(world: &mut World) -> Self {
        Self {
            component_id: world.init_component::<T>(),
            marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}