From c172c3c4b556109a04714fe5ed8bdc39759365a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lynn <62256001+lynn-lumen@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2024 23:15:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Custom primitives example (#13795)

# Objective

- Add a new example showcasing how to add custom primitives and what you
can do with them.

## Solution

- Added a new example `custom_primitives` with a 2D heart shape
primitive highlighting
  - `Bounded2d` by implementing and visualising bounding shapes,
  - `Measured2d` by implementing it,
  - `Meshable` to show the shape on the screen
- The example also includes an `Extrusion<Heart>` implementing
  - `Measured3d`,
  - `Bounded3d` using the `BoundedExtrusion` trait and
  - meshing using the `Extrudable` trait.

## Additional information

Here are two images of the heart and its extrusion:

![image_2024-06-10_194631194](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/assets/62256001/53f1836c-df74-4ba6-85e9-fabdafa94c66)
![Screenshot 2024-06-10
194609](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/assets/62256001/b1630e71-6e94-4293-b7b5-da8d9cc98faf)

---------

Co-authored-by: Jakub Marcowski <37378746+Chubercik@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Cargo.toml                         |  11 +
 examples/README.md                 |   1 +
 examples/math/custom_primitives.rs | 496 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 508 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/math/custom_primitives.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5926ad497c..fc1e10fc7b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3024,6 +3024,17 @@ description = "Demonstrates all the primitives which can be sampled."
 category = "Math"
 wasm = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "custom_primitives"
+path = "examples/math/custom_primitives.rs"
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[package.metadata.example.custom_primitives]
+name = "Custom Primitives"
+description = "Demonstrates how to add custom primitives and useful traits for them."
+category = "Math"
+wasm = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "random_sampling"
 path = "examples/math/random_sampling.rs"
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
index c528898e06..95cf4b465b 100644
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ Example | Description
 
 Example | Description
 --- | ---
+[Custom Primitives](../examples/math/custom_primitives.rs) | Demonstrates how to add custom primitives and useful traits for them.
 [Random Sampling](../examples/math/random_sampling.rs) | Demonstrates how to sample random points from mathematical primitives
 [Rendering Primitives](../examples/math/render_primitives.rs) | Shows off rendering for all math primitives as both Meshes and Gizmos
 [Sampling Primitives](../examples/math/sampling_primitives.rs) | Demonstrates all the primitives which can be sampled.
diff --git a/examples/math/custom_primitives.rs b/examples/math/custom_primitives.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9196714da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/math/custom_primitives.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+//! This example demonstrates how you can add your own custom primitives to bevy highlighting
+//! traits you may want to implement for your primitives to achieve different functionalities.
+
+use std::f32::consts::{PI, SQRT_2};
+
+use bevy::{
+    color::palettes::css::{RED, WHITE},
+    input::common_conditions::input_just_pressed,
+    math::bounding::{
+        Aabb2d, Bounded2d, Bounded3d, BoundedExtrusion, BoundingCircle, BoundingVolume,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    render::{
+        camera::ScalingMode,
+        mesh::{Extrudable, ExtrusionBuilder, PerimeterSegment},
+        render_asset::RenderAssetUsages,
+    },
+};
+
+const HEART: Heart = Heart::new(0.5);
+const EXTRUSION: Extrusion<Heart> = Extrusion {
+    base_shape: Heart::new(0.5),
+    half_depth: 0.5,
+};
+
+// The transform of the camera in 2D
+const TRANSFORM_2D: Transform = Transform {
+    translation: Vec3::ZERO,
+    rotation: Quat::IDENTITY,
+    scale: Vec3::ONE,
+};
+// The projection used for the camera in 2D
+const PROJECTION_2D: Projection = Projection::Orthographic(OrthographicProjection {
+    near: -1.0,
+    far: 10.0,
+    scale: 1.0,
+    viewport_origin: Vec2::new(0.5, 0.5),
+    scaling_mode: ScalingMode::AutoMax {
+        max_width: 8.0,
+        max_height: 20.0,
+    },
+    area: Rect {
+        min: Vec2::NEG_ONE,
+        max: Vec2::ONE,
+    },
+});
+
+// The transform of the camera in 3D
+const TRANSFORM_3D: Transform = Transform {
+    translation: Vec3::ZERO,
+    // The camera is pointing at the 3D shape
+    rotation: Quat::from_xyzw(-0.14521316, -0.0, -0.0, 0.98940045),
+    scale: Vec3::ONE,
+};
+// The projection used for the camera in 3D
+const PROJECTION_3D: Projection = Projection::Perspective(PerspectiveProjection {
+    fov: PI / 4.0,
+    near: 0.1,
+    far: 1000.0,
+    aspect_ratio: 1.0,
+});
+
+/// State for tracking the currently displayed shape
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, States, Default, Reflect)]
+enum CameraActive {
+    #[default]
+    /// The 2D shape is displayed
+    Dim2,
+    /// The 3D shape is displayed
+    Dim3,
+}
+
+/// State for tracking the currently displayed shape
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, States, Default, Reflect)]
+enum BoundingShape {
+    #[default]
+    /// No bounding shapes
+    None,
+    /// The bounding sphere or circle of the shape
+    BoundingSphere,
+    /// The Axis Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) of the shape
+    BoundingBox,
+}
+
+/// A marker component for our 2D shapes so we can query them separately from the camera
+#[derive(Component)]
+struct Shape2d;
+
+/// A marker component for our 3D shapes so we can query them separately from the camera
+#[derive(Component)]
+struct Shape3d;
+
+fn main() {
+    App::new()
+        .add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
+        .init_state::<BoundingShape>()
+        .init_state::<CameraActive>()
+        .add_systems(Startup, setup)
+        .add_systems(
+            Update,
+            (
+                (rotate_2d_shapes, bounding_shapes_2d).run_if(in_state(CameraActive::Dim2)),
+                (rotate_3d_shapes, bounding_shapes_3d).run_if(in_state(CameraActive::Dim3)),
+                update_bounding_shape.run_if(input_just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyB)),
+                switch_cameras.run_if(input_just_pressed(KeyCode::Space)),
+            ),
+        )
+        .run();
+}
+
+fn setup(
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
+    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
+) {
+    // Spawn the camera
+    commands.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
+        transform: TRANSFORM_2D,
+        projection: PROJECTION_2D,
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+
+    // Spawn the 2D heart
+    commands.spawn((
+        PbrBundle {
+            // We can use the methods defined on the meshbuilder to customize the mesh.
+            mesh: meshes.add(HEART.mesh().resolution(50)),
+            material: materials.add(StandardMaterial {
+                emissive: RED.into(),
+                base_color: RED.into(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            transform: Transform::from_xyz(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            ..default()
+        },
+        Shape2d,
+    ));
+
+    // Spawn an extrusion of the heart.
+    commands.spawn((
+        PbrBundle {
+            transform: Transform::from_xyz(0., -3., -10.)
+                .with_rotation(Quat::from_rotation_x(-PI / 4.)),
+            // We can set a custom resolution for the round parts of the extrusion aswell.
+            mesh: meshes.add(EXTRUSION.mesh().resolution(50)),
+            material: materials.add(StandardMaterial {
+                base_color: RED.into(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Shape3d,
+    ));
+
+    // Point light for 3D
+    commands.spawn(PointLightBundle {
+        point_light: PointLight {
+            shadows_enabled: true,
+            intensity: 10_000_000.,
+            range: 100.0,
+            shadow_depth_bias: 0.2,
+            ..default()
+        },
+        transform: Transform::from_xyz(8.0, 12.0, 1.0),
+        ..default()
+    });
+
+    // Example instructions
+    commands.spawn(
+        TextBundle::from_section(
+            "Press 'B' to toggle between no bounding shapes, bounding boxes (AABBs) and bounding spheres / circles\n\
+            Press 'Space' to switch between 3D and 2D",
+            TextStyle::default(),
+        )
+        .with_style(Style {
+            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+            top: Val::Px(12.0),
+            left: Val::Px(12.0),
+            ..default()
+        }),
+    );
+}
+
+// Rotate the 2D shapes.
+fn rotate_2d_shapes(mut shapes: Query<&mut Transform, With<Shape2d>>, time: Res<Time>) {
+    let elapsed_seconds = time.elapsed_seconds();
+
+    for mut transform in shapes.iter_mut() {
+        transform.rotation = Quat::from_rotation_z(elapsed_seconds);
+    }
+}
+
+// Draw bounding boxes or circles for the 2D shapes.
+fn bounding_shapes_2d(
+    shapes: Query<&Transform, With<Shape2d>>,
+    mut gizmos: Gizmos,
+    bounding_shape: Res<State<BoundingShape>>,
+) {
+    for transform in shapes.iter() {
+        // Get the rotation angle from the 3D rotation.
+        let rotation = transform.rotation.to_scaled_axis().z;
+
+        match bounding_shape.get() {
+            BoundingShape::None => (),
+            BoundingShape::BoundingBox => {
+                // Get the AABB of the primitive with the rotation and translation of the mesh.
+                let aabb = HEART.aabb_2d(transform.translation.xy(), rotation);
+
+                gizmos.rect_2d(aabb.center(), 0., aabb.half_size() * 2., WHITE);
+            }
+            BoundingShape::BoundingSphere => {
+                // Get the bounding sphere of the primitive with the rotation and translation of the mesh.
+                let bounding_circle = HEART.bounding_circle(transform.translation.xy(), rotation);
+
+                gizmos
+                    .circle_2d(bounding_circle.center(), bounding_circle.radius(), WHITE)
+                    .resolution(64);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Rotate the 3D shapes.
+fn rotate_3d_shapes(mut shapes: Query<&mut Transform, With<Shape3d>>, time: Res<Time>) {
+    let delta_seconds = time.delta_seconds();
+
+    for mut transform in shapes.iter_mut() {
+        transform.rotate_y(delta_seconds);
+    }
+}
+
+// Draw the AABBs or bounding spheres for the 3D shapes.
+fn bounding_shapes_3d(
+    shapes: Query<&Transform, With<Shape3d>>,
+    mut gizmos: Gizmos,
+    bounding_shape: Res<State<BoundingShape>>,
+) {
+    for transform in shapes.iter() {
+        match bounding_shape.get() {
+            BoundingShape::None => (),
+            BoundingShape::BoundingBox => {
+                // Get the AABB of the extrusion with the rotation and translation of the mesh.
+                let aabb = EXTRUSION.aabb_3d(transform.translation, transform.rotation);
+
+                gizmos.primitive_3d(
+                    &Cuboid::from_size(Vec3::from(aabb.half_size()) * 2.),
+                    aabb.center().into(),
+                    Quat::IDENTITY,
+                    WHITE,
+                );
+            }
+            BoundingShape::BoundingSphere => {
+                // Get the bounding sphere of the extrusion with the rotation and translation of the mesh.
+                let bounding_sphere =
+                    EXTRUSION.bounding_sphere(transform.translation, transform.rotation);
+
+                gizmos.sphere(
+                    bounding_sphere.center().into(),
+                    Quat::IDENTITY,
+                    bounding_sphere.radius(),
+                    WHITE,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Switch to the next bounding shape.
+fn update_bounding_shape(
+    current: Res<State<BoundingShape>>,
+    mut next: ResMut<NextState<BoundingShape>>,
+) {
+    next.set(match current.get() {
+        BoundingShape::None => BoundingShape::BoundingBox,
+        BoundingShape::BoundingBox => BoundingShape::BoundingSphere,
+        BoundingShape::BoundingSphere => BoundingShape::None,
+    });
+}
+
+// Switch between 2D and 3D cameras.
+fn switch_cameras(
+    current: Res<State<CameraActive>>,
+    mut next: ResMut<NextState<CameraActive>>,
+    mut camera: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Projection)>,
+) {
+    let next_state = match current.get() {
+        CameraActive::Dim2 => CameraActive::Dim3,
+        CameraActive::Dim3 => CameraActive::Dim2,
+    };
+    next.set(next_state);
+
+    let (mut transform, mut projection) = camera.single_mut();
+    match next_state {
+        CameraActive::Dim2 => {
+            *transform = TRANSFORM_2D;
+            *projection = PROJECTION_2D;
+        }
+        CameraActive::Dim3 => {
+            *transform = TRANSFORM_3D;
+            *projection = PROJECTION_3D;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// A custom 2D heart primitive. The heart is made up of two circles centered at `Vec2::new(±radius, 0.)` each with the same `radius`.
+/// The tip of the heart connects the two circles at a 45° angle from `Vec3::NEG_Y`.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct Heart {
+    /// The radius of each wing of the heart
+    radius: f32,
+}
+
+// The `Primitive2d` or `Primitive3d` trait is required by almost all other traits for primitives in bevy.
+// Depending on your shape, you should implement either one of them.
+impl Primitive2d for Heart {}
+
+impl Heart {
+    const fn new(radius: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { radius }
+    }
+}
+
+// The `Measured2d` and `Measured3d` traits are used to compute the perimeter, the area or the volume of a primitive.
+// If you implement `Measured2d` for a 2D primitive, `Measured3d` is automatically implemented for `Extrusion<T>`.
+impl Measured2d for Heart {
+    fn perimeter(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.radius * (2.5 * PI + 2f32.powf(1.5) + 2.0)
+    }
+
+    fn area(&self) -> f32 {
+        let circle_area = PI * self.radius * self.radius;
+        let triangle_area = self.radius * self.radius * (1.0 + 2f32.sqrt()) / 2.0;
+        let cutout = triangle_area - circle_area * 3.0 / 16.0;
+
+        2.0 * circle_area + 4.0 * cutout
+    }
+}
+
+// The `Bounded2d` or `Bounded3d` traits are used to compute the Axis Aligned Bounding Boxes or bounding circles / spheres for primitives.
+impl Bounded2d for Heart {
+    fn aabb_2d(&self, translation: Vec2, rotation: impl Into<Rot2>) -> Aabb2d {
+        let rotation = rotation.into();
+        // The center of the circle at the center of the right wing of the heart
+        let circle_center = rotation * Vec2::new(self.radius, 0.0);
+        // The maximum X and Y positions of the two circles of the wings of the heart.
+        let max_circle = circle_center.abs() + Vec2::splat(self.radius);
+        // Since the two circles of the heart are mirrored around the origin, the minimum position is the negative of the maximum.
+        let min_circle = -max_circle;
+
+        // The position of the tip at the bottom of the heart
+        let tip_position = rotation * Vec2::new(0.0, -self.radius * (1. + SQRT_2));
+
+        Aabb2d {
+            min: translation + min_circle.min(tip_position),
+            max: translation + max_circle.max(tip_position),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn bounding_circle(&self, translation: Vec2, rotation: impl Into<Rot2>) -> BoundingCircle {
+        // The bounding circle of the heart is not at its origin. This `offset` is the offset between the center of the bounding circle and its translation.
+        let offset = self.radius / 2f32.powf(1.5);
+        // The center of the bounding circle
+        let center = translation + rotation.into() * Vec2::new(0.0, -offset);
+        // The radius of the bounding circle
+        let radius = self.radius * (1.0 + 2f32.sqrt()) - offset;
+
+        BoundingCircle::new(center, radius)
+    }
+}
+// You can implement the `BoundedExtrusion` trait to implement `Bounded3d for Extrusion<Heart>`. There is a default implementation for both AABBs and bounding spheres,
+// but you may be able to find faster solutions for your specific primitives.
+impl BoundedExtrusion for Heart {}
+
+// You can use the `Meshable` trait to create a `MeshBuilder` for the primitive.
+impl Meshable for Heart {
+    // The meshbuilder can be used to create the actual mesh for that primitive.
+    type Output = HeartMeshBuilder;
+
+    fn mesh(&self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::Output {
+            heart: *self,
+            resolution: 32,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// You can include any additional information needed for meshing the primitive in the meshbuilder.
+struct HeartMeshBuilder {
+    heart: Heart,
+    // The resolution determines the amount of vertices used for each wing of the heart
+    resolution: usize,
+}
+
+// This trait is needed so that the configuration methods of the builder of the primitive are also available for the builder for the extrusion.
+// If you do not want to support these configuration options for extrusions you can just implement them for your 2D mesh builder.
+trait HeartBuilder {
+    /// Set the resolution for each of the wings of the heart.
+    fn resolution(self, resolution: usize) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl HeartBuilder for HeartMeshBuilder {
+    fn resolution(mut self, resolution: usize) -> Self {
+        self.resolution = resolution;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl HeartBuilder for ExtrusionBuilder<Heart> {
+    fn resolution(mut self, resolution: usize) -> Self {
+        self.base_builder.resolution = resolution;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl MeshBuilder for HeartMeshBuilder {
+    // This is where you should build the actual mesh.
+    fn build(&self) -> Mesh {
+        let radius = self.heart.radius;
+        // The curved parts of each wing (half) of the heart have an angle of `PI * 1.25` or 225°
+        let wing_angle = PI * 1.25;
+
+        // We create buffers for the vertices, their normals and UVs, as well as the indices used to connect the vertices.
+        let mut vertices = Vec::with_capacity(2 * self.resolution);
+        let mut uvs = Vec::with_capacity(2 * self.resolution);
+        let mut indices = Vec::with_capacity(6 * self.resolution - 9);
+        // Since the heart is flat, we know all the normals are identical already.
+        let normals = vec![[0f32, 0f32, 1f32]; 2 * self.resolution];
+
+        // The point in the middle of the two curved parts of the heart
+        vertices.push([0.0; 3]);
+        uvs.push([0.5, 0.5]);
+
+        // The left wing of the heart, starting from the point in the middle.
+        for i in 1..self.resolution {
+            let angle = (i as f32 / self.resolution as f32) * wing_angle;
+            let (sin, cos) = angle.sin_cos();
+            vertices.push([radius * (cos - 1.0), radius * sin, 0.0]);
+            uvs.push([0.5 - (cos - 1.0) / 4., 0.5 - sin / 2.]);
+        }
+
+        // The bottom tip of the heart
+        vertices.push([0.0, radius * (-1. - SQRT_2), 0.0]);
+        uvs.push([0.5, 1.]);
+
+        // The right wing of the heart, starting from the bottom most point and going towards the middle point.
+        for i in 0..self.resolution - 1 {
+            let angle = (i as f32 / self.resolution as f32) * wing_angle - PI / 4.;
+            let (sin, cos) = angle.sin_cos();
+            vertices.push([radius * (cos + 1.0), radius * sin, 0.0]);
+            uvs.push([0.5 - (cos + 1.0) / 4., 0.5 - sin / 2.]);
+        }
+
+        // This is where we build all the triangles from the points created above.
+        // Each triangle has one corner on the middle point with the other two being adjacent points on the perimeter of the heart.
+        for i in 2..2 * self.resolution as u32 {
+            indices.extend_from_slice(&[i - 1, i, 0]);
+        }
+
+        // Here, the actual `Mesh` is created. We set the indices, vertices, normals and UVs created above and specify the topology of the mesh.
+        Mesh::new(
+            bevy::render::mesh::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList,
+            RenderAssetUsages::default(),
+        )
+        .with_inserted_indices(bevy::render::mesh::Indices::U32(indices))
+        .with_inserted_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices)
+        .with_inserted_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, normals)
+        .with_inserted_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_UV_0, uvs)
+    }
+}
+
+// The `Extrudable` trait can be used to easily implement meshing for extrusions.
+impl Extrudable for HeartMeshBuilder {
+    fn perimeter(&self) -> Vec<bevy::render::mesh::PerimeterSegment> {
+        let resolution = self.resolution as u32;
+        vec![
+            // The left wing of the heart
+            PerimeterSegment::Smooth {
+                // The normals of the first and last vertices of smooth segments have to be specified manually.
+                first_normal: Vec2::X,
+                last_normal: Vec2::new(-1.0, -1.0).normalize(),
+                // These indices are used to index into the `ATTRIBUTE_POSITION` vec of your 2D mesh.
+                indices: (0..resolution).collect(),
+            },
+            // The bottom tip of the heart
+            PerimeterSegment::Flat {
+                indices: vec![resolution - 1, resolution, resolution + 1],
+            },
+            // The right wing of the heart
+            PerimeterSegment::Smooth {
+                first_normal: Vec2::new(1.0, -1.0).normalize(),
+                last_normal: Vec2::NEG_X,
+                indices: (resolution + 1..2 * resolution).chain([0]).collect(),
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+}